基于现代连锁零售业的第三方物流探析

<正>进入财富全球企业500强的零售企业无一不实施了零售连锁经营模式,可见连锁经营模式已成为全球零售业发展的潮流,也是零售企业实现规模优势的一个最主要手段。连锁经营模式通过多家店铺的统一采购、统一配送、统一管理,使成本在各店铺之间分担,信息和利润在各店铺之间共享。而这种优势的发挥需要以前台店铺和后台物流保持最高程度的合作作为后盾。我国连锁零售业正面临着越来越复杂多变的市场环境,通过高效的物流运作来提高整个供应链运行效率是一条行之有效的途径。     

钢铁企业价格体系的形成

一、钢铁企业基本定价模式 多数钢铁企业执行的是销售总部定价模式。总部定价模式强调价格决策权的集中，强调以一种统一的价格形式来满足于区域市场、客户、竞争对手等多方面的差异性，所以这就要求销售总部的市场决策人员拥有极高的综合素质，拥有广泛的市场信息来源，能够远距离地对各个区域性市场做到了如指掌，否则就难以顾及方方面面的因素，做到全面而准确地决策。在实践中，钢铁企业的价格决策是在考虑多方面影响因素的前提下提出一个以出厂价为基础、以运费补贴、各种价格优惠政策为补充的价格方案。在单阶段价格决策，钢铁企业可视各区域市场供需情况、     

基于流量和利润双目标的淘宝网女装定价优化——以Y网店为例

在电子商务的淘宝网交易平台,女装网店商家能否选择适合自己店铺产品的最优定价,成为店铺最重要的运营问题。本文分析当前淘宝网女装市场产品定价情况,对产品的定价进行调研与分析,找出网店女装产品的三大主类产品,引流款、利润款和热卖款,针对本店热卖款女装产品进行消费者支付意愿的问卷调查,通过问卷分析,拟合符合产品的需求曲线,建立产品的价格需求函数,构建基于流量和利润双目标的定价模型。     

开展连锁经营 拓展外贸新领域

<正> 一、连锁经营概观 所谓连锁经营,顾名思义,是指那些经营同类商品的零售商店,在一个总店的管理下联合起来,按统一的方针经营,实行统一采购、统一配送、统一标识、统一经营、统一服务、统一价格、统一核算、统一商号,集中决策,严格管理。它们构成强有力的销售网,如同一条相互连接起来的锁链。     

基于报童模型的汽车租赁企业最优汽车订购和服务定价策略

为了提高汽车租赁企业的效益,增强其竞争力,制定一个有效的汽车订购和服务定价策略成为汽车租赁业的重点研究问题。文章利用经典报童模型,假设市场对汽车租赁的随机需求是符合加性原理的,并且汽车租赁需求和租赁价格存在单调线性递减关系,建立了汽车租赁企业的联合订购和定价决策模型。当汽车租赁企业的汽车订购量和服务定价满足最优策略时,企业的总利润达到最大化。最后,通过算例分析验证了模型的有效性和可靠性。     

网购与传统销售渠道并存的商品最优定价机理

本文首先从定性的角度分析产品信息透明和价格信息透明对消费需求的影响效果,发现价格信息透明会减少基本消费需求并增加价格弹性,而产品信息透明对消费需求具有促进作用。然后针对两种不同透明度水平的销售渠道建立价格差异定价模型,得到利润最大化定价方法。     

制造商B2C共享商业模式选择研究

以制造商为研究对象，建立了一个将产品销售定价和共享定价作为决策变量的单周期利润模型，在利润最大化的假设下分析制造商的共享商业模式选择决策，得到以下结论：当产品成本和运营成本被控制在某一范围内时，制造商通过内部共享能够提高利润。若运营成本过高，制造商将调整共享价格，使得共享需求为零。当产品成本过高时，内部共享模式不可行，制造商只能通过外部共享参与共享经济；与内部共享模式相比，外部共享虽然会减少制造商利润，但是更有利于共享业务的发展；引入共享业务不一定能够减少市场中的产品保有量，聚集效应强度是关键因素。     

浅谈胖东来商业零售成功模式

商业模式即商品流通模式,是把企业生产的物品销售给终端需求的一种商品流通,商业零售模式有很多种,包括连锁经营、加盟店经营等传统店铺式经营模式及网络虚拟店铺经营模式。胖东来作为河南二级地市的一家连锁零售企业,在传统连锁经营理念的基础上增加了一站式服务,向全能型卖场发展,并开展多项增值服务,创造了一种全新的零售模式。     

互联网+时代企业定价策略探讨——以天猫品牌店铺定价策略为例

在互联网+背景下,越来越多的企业进军电商市场,天猫便是大多数企业进入电商市场的第一站。在淘宝天猫电商购物平台里,价格和销量对天猫店铺的转化有着重要的作用。价格作为市场营销组合中比较敏感又难以控制的因素,影响市场需求和企业的利润。本文以"双十一"淘宝天猫的运营现状为背景,分析影响天猫店铺定价的因素,提出相关的定价策略,使价格策略具有战略性和整体规划性,让商品和店铺都进入良性循环。     

煤炭产品的定价分析

现阶段国内煤炭市场竞争加剧和运行的规范化,使大企业获取暴力的空间越来越小,企业只有在公平竞争下走向市场发展轨道,煤炭的定价问题才能得以解决。影响煤炭价格的因素很多,但市场营销战略有时起决定性作用。企业定价的根本目标是利润最大化,而利润最大化的产品最优价格受市场波动、阶段性竞争、价格弹性、营销费用等因素的影响,因此要确定价格必须建立有效的价格分析模型。     

Uniform or spatially differentiated? Pricing Strategies for Information Goods under simultaneous and sequential decision-making in multi-market context

Product pricing has been one of the central issues in the field of marketing and consumer services for managers and researchers alike. However, pricing of information goods has not been paid much attention in literature. For information goods the marginal costs of production and transportation of information goods (online movies, video games, etc.) is almost zero. Hence, the pricing decisions need to be thought of purely in competitive profit maximizing terms. This paper proposes mechanisms for managers to evaluate and base their pricing decisions on rational frameworks that takes into account various situations when they enter a new market and when they are incumbent in a new market. This paper addresses the research gap of spatially differentiated pricing strategy for information goods that has not been studied in literature so far. We create stylized theoretical models under both, sequential and simultaneous decision-making conditions. We determine the equilibrium price and the equilibrium profit for the two firms for each of the four possible scenarios based on their pricing strategies. Our analysis reveals that the dominance of one pricing strategy over the other depends on product differentiation factor capturing joint effect of the product substitutability and consumer's price sensitivity under sequential decision making and the market size along with consumer's price sensitivity for simultaneous decision making. As an extension, we propose a generalized model demonstrating the uniform and spatially differentiated pricing strategies of the firms under simultaneous and sequential selection for multiple domestic and international markets.     

库存与运输联合优化中的信息共享研究

信息共享可以缓解供应链信息扭曲,优化库存与运输联合的订货批量,取得系统总成本最小的订货批量,降低供应链中的库存和缺货成本,有助于得出最优的库存与运输决策,提高整个供应链的竞争力。研究库存与运输联合优化中的信息共享问题不仅具有重要的理论价值,也具有极大的实践意义。但当前,库存与运输联合优化信息共享中还存在信息泄露、联合优化利润分配问题、道德风险、信用信息共享困难等一系列问题和障碍。为促进库存与运输联合优化信息共享,应多方面着手,建立信息共享激励机制,签订多边保密协议,建立分级信息准入制度,竞业禁止,建立合理的收益分配制度,实施激励定价,建立长期战略伙伴关系,建立信用信息管理体系,完善相关法规。     

基于期权定价理论的风险投资决策

项目评价的传统方法———净现值(NPV)法在应用于风险投资项目时,由于低估了投资价值,往往会使得投资者失去一些有价值的投资机会。结合风险投资的特性,将期权定价理论应用于风险投资决策中,并建立连续及离散两种状态下的决策模型     

Effectiveness of some simple pricing strategies under varying expectations of competitor behavior

A firm needs to tailor its pricing strategy to the particular competitive setting it faces. We show how a firm can select a pricing strategy that yields higher expected profit than other simple pricing strategies for the competitive conditions encountered. We show that no one strategy yields the highest expected profit for all competitive settings. In particular, we find that a more aggressive pricing strategy is needed for those markets that are either very cooperative or very competitive, while a more cooperative pricing strategy is preferred for markets which have a moderate degree of competition. We also find that a more aggressive pricing strategy is needed as the number of competitors increases. Our results suggest how to choose the pricing strategy that yields the highest expected profit given the likely behavior of a firm's competitors.The authors thank Terry Elrod and Robert Lusch for their comments on earlier versions of this paper.     

Technology revenue management system for customer groups in hotels

This paper discusses revenue management; a technique that focuses on decision making that will maximize profit from the sale of perishable inventory units. New technologies management plays an important role in the development of revenue management techniques. Each new advancement in technology management leads to more sophisticated revenue business capabilities. Today decision support revenue management systems and technologies management are crucial factors for the success of businesses in service industries. This paper addresses the specific case of customer groups in hotels. This paper introduces a new decision support system that sets the revenue maximization criteria for a hotel. The aforementioned system includes a set of demand forecasting methods for customers and addresses a general case considering individual guests and customer groups. The system also incorporates deterministic and stochastic mathematical programming models that help to make the best decisions. The actual revenue depends upon which reservation system the hotel uses. A simulation engine makes a comparison between different heuristics of room inventory control: the results include performance indexes such as occupancy rate, efficiency rate, and yield; it compares results and chooses one of them. The system proves its suitability for actual cases by testing against actual data and thus becoming an innovative and efficient tool in the management of hotels' reservation systems.     

Transfer pricing for aligning divisional and corporate decisions

Discussions about transfer pricing normally presume the firm's objective is to maximize profit while making the best use of existing capacity. This article differs by exploring the impact of transfer pricing on capital budget decisions. In decentralized firms, decision authority for investment is assigned to division managers whose capital budgets include revenues from internal transfers. When a selling division is under capacity, economic theory recommends a transfer price based on differential cost. Here the seller generates sufficient revenues to recoup operating costs, but not enough to recover capital costs. Consequently, division managers will reject some investments that otherwise would have increased corporate shareholder value. Market-based transfer pricing overcomes this conflict by allocating savings on inter-company transactions to the selling division. However, market transfer pricing may result in shortfalls to corporate profit. Nonetheless, we argue in favor of the use of transfer pricing on the presumption that long-term value creation takes precedence over short-term profit.     

Certainty equivalent,risk premium and asset pricing

This paper attempts to determine the certainty equivalent of an uncertain future cash flow or value through the option pricing method, and builds models of certainty equivalent and certainty equivalent coefficient. Based on the model of certainty equivalent coefficient, this paper further derives models of risk premium and risk-adjusted discount rate. The latter is a new capital asset pricing model (CAPM) accounting for total risk rather than with only the systematic risk accounted for as in the current CAPM. The reliability in relevant financial analysis, valuation, decision making and risk management may be enhanced with these new models.     

A Comparison of Models Describing the Impact of Moral Decision Making on Investment Decisions

As moral decision making in financial markets incorporates moral considerations into investment decisions, some rational decision theorists argue that moral considerations would introduce inefficiency to investment decisions. However, market demand for socially responsible investment is increasing, suggesting that investment decisions are influenced by both financial and moral considerations. Several models can be applied to explain moral behavior. We test the suitability of (a) multiple attribute utility theory (MAUT), (b) theory of planned behavior, and (c) issue-contingent model of ethical decision making in organizations. In an experimental setting, 141 participants traded company shares in a computerized asset market. Over 12 periods, companies varied in morality (i.e., treatment of employees) and in profitability (i.e., expected dividends per share). Participants’ bids and asks for shares were recorded. Results indicate that moral considerations influence investment decisions, controlling for profit. Differences between the three models are discussed.     

Cost-volume-profit analysis under uncertainty: An integration of economic and accounting concepts

This paper proposes a generalized CVP model including both demand and average cost functions and incorporating very general allowance for stochastic elements. The relationship between expected profit and break-even probability in the general model is developed. A decision-making criterion for the model is suggested that integrates economic and accounting approaches to decision making under uncertainty. Finally, an example of application of the generalized model is given, using hypothetical data.     

品牌权益影响下的双渠道供应链定价决策及协调研究

针对一个制造商开通直销渠道销售产品与零售商的价格竞争问题,文章基于制造商与零售商共享品牌权益的视角,研究在制造商双渠道供应链结构中,价格和品牌权益同时作用下的双渠道供应链定价决策,分别分析在集中决策下和分散决策下,品牌权益对两种渠道价格和利润的影响。研究发现：在集中决策下,两种渠道的价格、利润与品牌权益成正相关;在分散决策下,当品牌权益超过一定临界值时,其对制造商直销渠道的价格和制造商总利润的影响大于零售商。鉴于品牌权益对供应链定价决策的重要影响,文章建立制造商和零售商之间的品牌权益成本共担机制,并通过数值仿真分析发现,当实施品牌权益成本共担机制时,制造商和零售商的销售价格和利润均是最优的。因此,零售商应加强与制造商的互动,共同创造高品牌权益的同时,也应共同分享高品牌权益。