Accounting for the role of habit in behavioural strategies for injury prevention

The limited success of behavioural strategies in injury prevention has been attributed to failure to properly apply behaviour change models to intervention design and the explanation of safety behaviours. However, this paper contends that many health behaviour change interventions do not succeed because they fail to take into account the habitual quality of most health and safety-related behaviour; a more complete model of behaviour change needs to be based on a better understanding of the role of habit. The overall aim is to contribute to better understanding of behavioural strategies for injury prevention. When habits are weak, attitudes and intentions predict behaviours, but as behaviours turn into habits, they become better predictors of future behaviour than attitudes or intentions. Furthermore, where habits are strong, individuals are less likely to act on new information, evaluating counter-habitual information negatively. Integrating the concepts of strong and weak habits with upstream and downstream strategies, a framework is presented for tailoring strategies to the habit strength of the target behaviour.     

浅谈供电企业输电线路事故防范措施及故障查找

本文阐述了供电企业输电线路事故防范措施,指出了合理的巡视是故障查找的重点,分析了细致的分析是故障定点的关键,强调了准确的数据是故障定点的保障.     

The future of injury prevention in Asia and the Pacific

Unintentional injury is gaining attention in the broad Asia-Pacific region, primarily but not solely associated with rapid and disturbing growth in traffic injury.

Objective. This paper considers the nature and features of the injury problem and of current prevention efforts that are likely to be significant in injury prevention in the Asia Pacific region.

Method. Prior to the first Asia-Pacific Injury Prevention Conference an e-mail discussion on the challenges and needs of injury prevention was conducted and a discussion paper circulated. The analysis was presented at the conference and the issues were taken up at a special regional network meeting, in the conference sessions and in informal discussion.

Results. The paper outlines the injury situation facing the broad Asia-Pacific region, with a particular focus on low- and middle-income countries, outlining the size and nature of the problem. The challenges to prevention are lack of awareness and misconceptions about injury, weak intent and low levels of effort and a lack of capacity. The positive elements of work under way or in prospect are described.

Conclusion. The key tasks are to apply what is already known: to test and trial interventions in low- and middle-income countries; to identify the key causes of injury within the broad categories; and to foster and build partnerships.     

浅论商标价值来源在侵权责任中的作用

商标价值的来源分别是由以下几个要素构成:第一是商品价值是商标价值的重要组成部分;第二是商标的自身价值是构成商标价值的又一重要因素;第三是广告的宣传付出的代价和时间也是构成商标价值的一部分。商标的价值在侵权责任中有着不可忽视的作用,商标价值推动着商标侵权责任法的全面发展,是判定侵权行为的重要因素,同时也更加准确和合情合理的保护商标权人。     

The role of ethics in fraud prevention: a practitioner's perspective

In this practitioner's perspective on the role of ethics in fraud prevention, I outline the situation that compelled Nedcor Bank in South Africa to establish their own fraud investigation and prevention unit. A brief discussion of the role, functions and achievement of the fraud unit follow this. Then the various components of the bank's fraud detection and prevention strategies are described. These include the nurturing of a commitment to zero tolerance towards fraud amongst the entire staff, the communication strategy, control mechanisms, and culture change within the bank. These respective dimensions are then examined to reveal the role that ethical values and considerations play with regard to each of them. It is concluded that ethics does not only provide the foundation for the entire strategy, but also forms an integral part of each strategic dimension.     

网络广告企稳向好的背后

经历了2009年全球经济形势严峻的考验,网络广告市场发展从年初的低迷,已逐渐在第二季恢复去年的水平开始止跌回稳、第三季甚至创下历史季度新高规模达57．4亿元。艾瑞咨询预计,09年04中国网络广告市场规模仍将继续稳步增长,中国网络广告市场逐渐步入稳健发展时期。     

An epidemiological study of injury in a low socioeconomic context: implications for prevention

Epidemiological information identifying injury magnitude and risks is vital for the development of prevention and safety promotion programmes, especially for low income, marginalised communities where the incidence of injury tends to be disproportionately high. This paper, accordingly, reports on a household survey, conducted in an informal settlement southwest of Johannesburg, South Africa, and designed to gather epidemiological data for the purposes of informing the development of appropriate community-based injury prevention and safety promotion programmes. Data were collected for a one-year period prior to October 1998. An analysis of the data identified the causes of injuries, which residents were most at risk, and where and when injuries most often occurred. By way of conclusion, we make a few recommendations for preventive measures.     

会计电算化中舞弊现象的防治

会计电算化的使用,给会计人员参与决策提供了广阔的天地.会计电算化能使广大会计人中从繁重的手工操作、日常事务性工作中解脱出来.但随着计算机在会计信息处理中的广泛运用,如何防范会计电算化舞弊成了企业普遍关心的问题.     

WTO争端解决的“中国年”(2009):回顾与展望

2009年是中国入世后参与WTO争端解决最多,也是该年度涉案最多的WTO成员。这一年成了WTO争端解决的"中国年"。就中国参与WTO争端解决问题而言,刚过去的一年值得特别关注和研究。如何总结以往争端解决中的得失,提高应对中国涉案的争端解决水平,是摆在我们面前一项十分重要和紧迫的任务。     

The interest group theory of financial development in China: Openness and the role of interest groups

The interest group theory of financial development predicts that the incumbents' opposition to financial development will be weaker when an economy is open to both trade and capital flows. Based on regressions of financial development on trade and financial openness, existing studies only provide indirect tests of the hypothesis and deliver mixed findings. This paper proposes models for direct tests of interest group theory for China. Using Chinese cross-province data, we define and measure interest groups based on the close tie between state-owned enterprises and local government in China. The empirical results show that the opposition from interest groups to financial development cannot be weakened in provinces with high trade or financial openness alone. However, the opposition is indeed weakened in provinces with high levels of both trade and financial openness. These results provide robust support for interest group theory in accounting for cross-province differences and time-series variation in financial development in China.     

Characteristics and risk factors for accident injury in Canada from 1986 to 1996: an analysis of the Canadian Accident Injury Reporting and Evaluation (CAIRE) database

This study analyzed the database of Canadian Accident Injury Reporting and Evaluation (CAIRE) for the injuries reported from January 1986 to March 1996 in seven provinces at children's or general hospitals in Canada. In order to describe the characteristics of injuries, we compared the different categories of injuries by sex and by age groups, identified patterns of injuries, and detected the products causing injury to Canadian people. The results showed that there were 130,489 injury cases in Canada during the 10 years from 1986 to 1996. The 10–19 year age group had 57,582 cases, representing 44.13% of total injuries, and making it the group with the highest occurrence of injuries. The male injury rate (69.75%) was significantly higher than the female rate (30.25%) (P = 0.0001). Six areas were identified as priorities for intervention: 1) injuries occurring on playgrounds among children and youth; 2) sports and playground apparatus injuries and injuries sustained in transit among young people; 3) the top five causes of injuries; 4) diagnosis and treatment of injuries; 5) consumer products and safety; and 6) nature and physical sites of injuries. Further work is needed in: evaluating injury causes, comparing the results with reports from other countries and the necessary approaches and prevention measures to reduce and control injury occurrences to improve the quality of consumer products, and to protect the health of the population in Canada.     

Compensation for accident victims: The exemplary model of New Zealand

Compensation for accident victims is handled by tort law unless specific insurance or compensation schemes exist. Tort law has proved to be unjust, costly, and protracted. Strict liability will not change the basic deficiencies of the tort system.New Zealand has introduced a comprehensive compensation scheme for personal accidents including workplace, traffic, and household. The author gives some details of the functioning of the system which he regards as both efficient and just. Even though there may be some points of dispute (lump sum payments, ceilings, etc.), the scheme should be considered for introduction in other countries — though recently rejected in England by the Pearson Report.

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Entschädigung für Unfallopfer: Das Beispiel Neu-Seeland

Zusammenfassung Der Autor berichter über ein in Neuseeland seit über 10 Jahren existierendes Sozialversicherungssystem zur Entschädigung aller Unfallopfer, gleichgültig ob sie am Arbeitsplatz, im Verkehr oder im Haushalt entstehen. Gegenüber einem auf dem Verschuldensprinzip beruhenden System fällt auf, daß Opfer schnelle Hilfe bekommen und unnötige Rechtsstreitigkeiten vermieden werden. Ein System der Gefährdungshaftung, wie etwa von der EG-Kommission für die Produkthaftung vorgeschlagen, würde an den Nachteilen der Verschuldenshaftung nur wenig ändern.Der Autor beschreibt im einzelnen das Funktionieren des Neu-Seeländischen Entschädigungssystems. Es hat nur geringe Verwaltungsunkosten (10%). Die Opfer werden gestaffelt entschädigt; bei Arbeitsunfällen zahlt in der ersten Woche der Arbeitgeber 80% Es bestehen einkommensunabhängige Mindestsätze. Bedauerlicherweise sind Vorschläge zum Ersatz eines fiktiven Dienstausfalls von Hausfrauen nicht Gesetz geworden. Der von einer Gesellschaft (Accident Compensation Corporation) betriebene Fonds finanziert sich aus Beiträgen und Abgaben.Der Autor beurteilt die Einführung eines kollektiven Entschädigungssystems für Unfallopfer insgesamt positiv und plädiert für eine Verallgemeinerung.

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Michael Whincup is a barrister and senior lecturer in law at the University of Keele, Keele, Staffordshire, ST5 5BG, Great Britain.     

The use of injury surveillance databases to identify emerging injury hazards

Among the many valuable uses of injury surveillance is the potential to alert health authorities and societies in general to emerging injury trends, facilitating earlier development of prevention measures. Other than road safety, to date, few attempts to forecast injury data have been made, although forecasts have been made of other public health issues. This may in part be due to the complex pattern of variance displayed by injury data. The profile of many injury types displays seasonality and diurnal variance, as well as stochastic variance. The authors undertook development of a simple model to forecast injury into the near term. In recognition of the large numbers of possible predictions, the variable nature of injury profiles and the diversity of dependent variables, it became apparent that manual forecasting was impractical. Therefore, it was decided to evaluate a commercially available forecasting software package for prediction accuracy against actual data for a set of predictions. Injury data for a 4-year period (1996 to 1999) were extracted from the Victorian Emergency Minimum Dataset and were used to develop forecasts for the year 2000, for which data was also held. The forecasts for 2000 were compared to the actual data for 2000 by independent t-tests, and the standard errors of the predictions were modelled by stepwise hierarchical multiple regression using the independent variables of the standard deviation, seasonality, mean monthly frequency and slope of the base data (R = 0.93, R(2) = 0.86, F(3, 27) = 55.2, p < 0.0001). Significant contributions to the model included the SD (beta = 1.60, p < 0.001), mean monthly frequency (beta = -0.72, p < 0.002), and the seasonality of the data (beta = 0.16, p < 0.02). It was concluded that injury data could be reliably forecast and that commercial software was adequate for the task. Variance in the data was found to be the most important determinant of prediction accuracy. Importantly, automated forecasting may provide a vehicle for identifying emerging trends.     

The role of ethics in executive compensation: Toward a contractarian interpretation of the neoclassical theory of managerial renumeration

The topic of Chief Executive Officer (CEO) compensation has been a focus of interest for many years. The purpose of this article is to explore the ethical dimensions of various generally accepted theories of CEO renumeration. We argue that a contractarian approach, based on the Kantian ethical framework, can be used to augment the existing contingent pay models.While the neoclassical economic model of the firm views the maximization of the shareholders' wealth as the sole responsibility of top management, a contractarian approach regards the balancing of various stakeholders' interests as the primary task of top management. Ethical problems emerge when there are divergent, yet equally justifiable interests which compete in order to channel organizational resources to meet their own needs. In this situation, given the inherent ambiguities and ever present possibilities of multiple perspectives, it may not always be feasible to provide a categorical answer to the question of whether the CEO's decisions are ethical. We suggest that a broad interpretation of the neoclassical theory of the firm, one that is grounded in Kantian and contractarian ethics, can serve as a basis for a reconciliation of different theories of executive compensation.Linda L. Carr, a certified public accountant, has held positions as an auditor in public accounting and as a controller in industry. Her thesis examines the determinants of executive compensation in large and small firms.Moosa Valinezhad is assistant professor of economics in Western Kentucky University, where he teaches international economics, microeconomics, and statistics. Dr. Valinezhad has a deep interest in the interdisciplinary aspects of economics. His recent article in theJournal of Economic Issues explores the importance of sociopolitical forces for the monetary approach to the balance of payment.