台湾地区服务贸易国际竞争力研究

利用显示性比较优势指数、贸易净出口和贸易竞争力指数,对台湾地区服务贸易的国际竞争力进行具体分析。根据台湾地区1997-2004年数据计算结果显示,台湾地区服务贸易竞争力在总体上处于劣势;各项服务贸易竞争力有所差异,但基本上除其他商业服务部门因三角贸易的巨额顺差形成带来了一定的国际竞争力外,其余10个服务贸易部门在国际贸易领域的竞争力大多数年份均处于比较劣势中。     

The Determinants of and Interaction between Entry and Exit in Taiwan's Manufacturing

Based upon substantial high firm turnover rates, various policy incentives, and developed subcontracting-networks, this paper investigates structure and firm-specific factors that determine the entry and exit rate across industries. The interaction between entry and exit rates of the industry is incorporated in the study, namely the "displacement", "replacement" and "instantaneous causal" effects. The regression results indicate that entry and exit rates are determined by different measures of entry or exit barriers but the effects are not fully symmetric. It is also evident that underlying entry or exit sunk- costs introduced the instantaneous movement of entry and exit rates. In addition, the entry of new plants has a moderate effect to facilitate the displacement or market selection process to displace the inefficient producers but no significant replacement effect is found. The policy implication being that the government support encourages entry it also increases the industry failure rates.     

Equity Agency Costs Amongst Manufacturing SMEs

The principal objectives in this paper are to assess and to build upon the recently published research of Ang et al. (2000) making a pioneering attempt to estimate equity agency costs in a large cross-sectional sample of smaller, non-publicly traded companies in the United States. The present research employs panel data for 871 manufacturing SMEs legally organised as proprietary companies, taken from the Australian federal government's Business Longitudinal Survey conducted over four financial years from 1994–1995 to 1997–1998. The two proxies for equity agency costs that are trialed – operating expense ratio and asset turnover ratio – both appear lower in more complex agency relationships. It is also found that greater enterprise growth is significantly more evident amongst SMEs with more complex agency relationships. Thus, it is possible that observed differences in values for the two equity agency cost proxies are not the direct consequence of differences in management and ownership structures; but, rather, of differences in the experience of enterprise growth, possibly enabled to some degree by the management and ownership structures adopted. This raises the question of whether, in fact, operating expense ratio and asset turnover ratio can be reliably used as proxies for equity-related agency costs in SME research.     

Barriers to Innovation among Spanish Manufacturing SMEs

Innovation is widely recognized as a key factor in the competitiveness of nations and firms. Small firms that do not embrace innovation within their core business strategy run the risk of becoming uncompetitive because of obsolete products and processes. Innovative firms are a perquisite for a dynamic and competitive economy.
This paper reports on the results of a study that examined barriers to firm innovation among a sample of 294 managers of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Spain. The study examined the relation between (1) product, process, and management innovation and (2) 15 obstacles to innovation, which can limit a firm's ability to remain competitive and profitable. Findings of the study show that barriers have a differential impact on the various types of innovation; product, process, and management innovation are affected differently by the different barriers. The most significant barriers are associated with costs, whereas the least significant are associated with manager/employee resistance. Additionally, the results demonstrate that the costs associated with innovation have proportionately greater impact on small than on larger firms.
The findings can be used in the development of public policy aimed at supporting and encouraging the innovation among SMEs in Spain. Government policies that encourage and support innovation among all firms, especially small firms, can help countries remain competitive in a global market. Public policy that encourages innovation can enable firms to remain competitive and survive, both of which have direct implications for employment and a country's economic viability. The results may also be insightful for managers who are attempting to encourage innovation. Understanding barriers can assist managers in fostering an innovative culture by supporting new ideas or by avoiding an attitude that creates resistance to new ideas.     

The Vicissitudes of Competitive Advantage: Empirical Evidence from Australian Manufacturing SMEs

The goal of this study is to illustrate the variance pattern of competitive advantage. On the basis of an a priori model drawing on the Schumpeterian factors mediating the effects of innovation investment on firm performance, this paper conducts a Multiple Indicator Multiple Cause analysis on the intertemporal competitive advantage. The results suggest that the composition of sustainable competitive advantage is a series of short‐term advantages. Either sustaining or creating competitive advantage requires concomitant interaction between innovation and effective market engagement. This paper highlights innovative efficiency of such interaction as an influence on a firm's evolution of market fitness in the marketplace.     

扬州制造业的竞争力评价及其表现特征

作为江苏滨江临河的重要城市，制造业在扬州经济发展中具有十分重要的地位，是扬州“工业第一方略”的主要内容。扬州制造业的优势与弱势行业分别主要是劳动密集型与资本密集型行业，许多行业具有相当的竞争力，但在实际发展中却表现出优势行业发展不足、非优势行业发展较快、出现制造业重化工业化的特征，反映出扬州制造业改变竞争力格局的努力，更反映了扬州地区对发挥比较优势与创造竞争优势的艰难权衡。     

我国通信设备制造企业竞争力研究

企业规模、企业资产运营和企业技术创新能力对于提升企业竞争力而言,是互相联系、互相制约、不可分割的三方面。不同的通信设备制造企业要根据各自不同的情况,从扩大生产规模,实现规模经济;建立符合市场规律的经营机制,提高企业资产营运能力;注重技术创新,保持合理持续的研发投入等方面入手,制定适合自身发展的对策,保证企业竞争力持续提升。     

中国制造业国际竞争力现状分析及提升对策

本文利用最新的统计数据对中国加入WTO以后制造业的国际竞争力的现状及变化趋势进行了实证研究，认为加入WTO以后，中国制造业的国际竞争力有较大程度提升；在与美国、日本、欧盟、韩国等国家进行竞争力对比时，发现加入WTO后，相对于上述国家中国制造业的国际竞争力在不断提升；而与此同时，中国民族产业国际竞争力虽然也有提升，但相对于中国制造业国际竞争力的提升速度。民族产业国际竞争力提升较慢。     

Innovation Capability and Performance Of Manufacturing SMEs: The Paradoxical Effect of IT Integration

In theory, IT integration through applications such as enterprise resource planning, manufacturing resource planning, and electronic data interchange provides an organization with the ability to exploit innovation capabilities. Based on survey data obtained from 309 Canadian manufacturing small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), this study aims to identify the enabling effect of IT integration on the innovation capability of manufacturing SMEs—in terms of growth and productivity outcomes—and to verify if this effect is subject to industry influences. While the firm's innovation capability was found, as expected, to be positively related to the growth and productivity of manufacturing SMEs, the results underline paradoxical effects of IT integration in this regard. While IT integration was not seen to enable the innovation capability of manufacturing SMEs in terms of growth, it was seen to have a disabling effect on this same capability with regard to productivity.     

Strategy and Structure in Innovative Manufacturing SMEs: The Case of an English Region

Based within the West Midlands region of England, the current paper considers the relative characteristic of product innovators and non-innovators along seven dimensions of strategy. Data was collected, by means of a remotely administered survey, as part of the development of a Regional Innovation Strategy and innovators were defined using a "rate of innovation" measure. Amongst the principal findings, innovators are found to: spend a significantly greater proportion of turnover on research and development; tend [marginally] towards greater internal control and reactivity; be more willing to assume long-term debt, but less likely to successfully access it; be more likely to have links with universities and support organisations and to depend upon a small number of customers for a significant component of total sales revenue. In addition, the pre-eminence of vertical value-chain linkages over horizontal or third party linkages is a further striking feature of the firms' articulation with their external environments.     

中部地区中小企业竞争力动态评价

已有的研究文献中对地区中小企业竞争力的评价主要是静态的评价,其实竞争力应该是一个动态的、相对的概念,对地区中小企业竞争力进行动态评价更有必要。通过构建一套度量中小企业区域竞争力的评价体系,并对中部地区6个省中小企业竞争力进行了动态评价。     

加入WTO以来我国制造业国际竞争力表现

加入WTO后,我国制造业发展迅速,并已成为制造业的世界大国,我国制造业国际竞争力持续提升,传统的劳动密集型产业仍占据较大的国际市场份额,但其增长速度却在逐年下降,竞争优势也不断减弱;相反,电子机械、办公用品、电信等行业的出口增长率和国际市场份额增加较为迅速,制造业内部正在经历着从传统的劳动密集型向资本和技术密集型产品生产的转变。     

透析台湾制造业国际竞争力的衰退

近年来,台湾制造业处于持续的衰退中,不仅传统产业一蹶不振,高科技产业更是面临着空前的冲击。台湾制造业国际竞争力的衰退与技术创新、制造业结构、产业关联度和产品出口等有着密切的联系。台湾制造业未来的发展应走研发与行销并举之路,加强对传统产业的技术改造。此外,两岸产业应进行合理的布局与分工。     

Business Intelligence versus Entrepreneurial Competitive Intelligence and International Competitiveness of North African SMEs

This paper aims to analyze the effects of different devices of business intelligence and entrepreneurial competitive intelligence on the international competitiveness of 300 North African SMEs. Furthermore, we will try through this paper to examine the mechanical role of the internal audit of entrepreneurial competitive intelligence in the packaging of such effects. The originality of this research lies in the attempt to better understand theoretically and empirically the particularities of each of the concepts related to entrepreneurial competitive intelligence and its internal audit on one side and its effects on the international competitiveness based on export intensity on the other side. Our results show that the competitive position of North African SMEs is strongly dependent on the entrepreneurial competitive intelligence approach because it includes essential additional actions which refer not only to a defensive attitude but also and potentially to entrepreneurial orientation.     

电子商务对中小企业核心竞争力的作用机理研究

本文认为,电子商务作为知识经济时代新型的商务模式,是中小企业构建核心竞争力的重要手段,它有利于企业降低产品成本和管理成本;有利于企业提高管理效率,改善管理环境,提高经营效率;有利于中小企业开拓市场空间,创造新的市场;有利于满足顾客的潜在需求和用户对产品种类的极限化需求。文章提出,电子商务的积极作用“内化”为企业的核心竞争力,还需要有相适应的企业文化作为支撑和保障,企业文化是中小企业核心竞争力的支撑因素,中小企业建立与电子商务相适应的企业文化,关键是要建立企业自身的核心价值观,消除观念误区,克服认识不足。     

Modelling the Extent of Financial Reporting Practices amongst Australian Manufacturing SMEs

This paper describes an exploratory study of financial reporting practices amongst small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) engaged in manufacturing in Australia. Non-linear principal components analysis is employed in empirical derivation of an overall measure of the comprehensiveness of financial reporting practices undertaken in the SMEs investigated. Non-linear principal components analysis is also used in empirically capturing the business context in terms of enterprise and financial management characteristics. Polytomous logistic regression modelling reveals development orientation, extent of owner-management, technological complexity, degree of reliance upon external financial advice, and the financial reporting climate to be the most significant influences on the extent of financial reporting practices in the SMEs under study. Of the business context factors identified, development orientation and financial reporting climate seem to have greatest impact. The study appears to reinforce the impression that SME growth is a key driver towards more sophisticated financial reporting practices. Alternately, better financial reporting may be viewed as an important enabling factor in realising the growth aspirations of such concerns.     

安徽省制造业竞争力分析

本文以竞争力理论为基础,在可行性、科学性的原则下构建制造业竞争力评价指标体系,以此对安徽省制造业竞争力进行定位分析,并探讨制约安徽省制造业竞争力提升的关键因素,提出提升安徽制造业竞争力的对策。     

基于先进物流技术的制造企业竞争力提升研究

制造业物流是我国物流业的重要组成部分之一,是社会物流需求的绝对主体,将制造业与物流业有效联手能实现双方共赢的目标:一方面,能提升制造业企业的核心竞争力;另一方面,能有效整合社会资源,使经济成本和社会成本均最小化,有利于企业和社会的可持续发展。因此,探讨基于先进物流技术的制造企业竞争力提升具有一定的现实意义。     

现代服务业与制造业竞争力关系研究--以浙江先进制造业基地建设为例

随着制造业结构形式的不断变革,服务作为中间投入要素已越来越多地融入制造业;制造业企业活动的外置又带动了服务业的发展,服务业与制造业进入了一个高度相关、双向互动的阶段.本文以浙江为例,论述了先进制造业基地的建设必须与相关服务支撑产业协同发展,形成整体合力,从而保持竞争优势.     

Drivers of Environmental Behaviour in Manufacturing SMEs and the Implications for CSR

The authors use empirical research into the environmental practices of 31 manufacturing small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) to show that ‚business performance’ and ‚regulation’ considerations drive behaviour. They suggest that this is inevitable, given the market-based decision-making frames that permeate and dominate the industry in which manufacturing SMEs operate. Since the environment is a pillar of corporate social responsibility (CSR), the findings have important implications for CSR policy, which promotes voluntary actions predicated on a business case. It is argued that this approach will not alter the behaviour of manufacturing SMEs significantly because CSR practice will be regarded as an optional and costly ‚extra’ affecting core business activity. Consequently, the use and development of existing regulatory structures, providing minimum standards for many activities covered by CSR, remains the most effective means through which the behaviour of manufacturing SMEs will be changed in the short to medium-term. Another feature of the paper is the distinction made between ‚business performance’ and the ‚business case’ argument. Business performance emphasises cost reductions and efficiency whereas the business case accentuates the benefits to shareholders of good practices as their firms become more attractive to stakeholders and society. Manufacturing SMEs␣try to improve business performance because of the pressures placed on them by market-dominated decision-making frames. These frames do not encourage manufacturing SMEs to undertake voluntary actions for the benefit of wider stakeholders and society.David Williamson is Senior Research Fellow in the area of Corporate and Environmental Responsibility at the School of Law, University of Manchester, UK. He has conducted extensive empirical studies into, and written papers on, the environmental behaviour of small and medium sized enterprises. He is also Chair of INDECO, a national body that coordinates sustainable development work on business parks.Gary Lynch-Wood is a Lecturer at the School of Law, University of Manchester, UK. His research focuses on regulation, particularly the impact that regulation has on small and medium-sized enterprises. He teaches a variety of subjects including regulation, environmental law, corporate responsibility and legal methods. He was a Director of the Centre for Research into Corporate Responsibility and the Environment prior to his move to the University of Manchester. John Ramsay is a Reader at the School of Business and Law, Staffordshire University, UK. He has had a number of careers including a decade spent working in the Purchasing Function of a large British component supplier to the European car industry. He teaches a variety of subjects including South East Asian economic development and Negotiation. He is widely published in the Purchasing field with practitioner papers dating back to the 1970s when he was junior buyer, developing in more recent years into academic work in his research area of Buyer–supplier interaction.