社会保障能够替代土地保障吗——基于新农保对土地租出意愿租金的影响研究

基于三轮（2011年、2013年和2015年）的全国微观追踪调查数据（CHARLS），本文通过分析新农保的实施对农户土地流转行为和意愿租金的影响，来考察社会保障是否存在着对土地保障的替代效应，并进一步基于农户对土地的依赖程度来分析替代效应的异质型特征。结果表明，村庄实施新农保促使村庄内土地依赖程度超过平均水平的农户转出土地的意愿租金下降180%；促使村庄内处于土地依赖程度前30%的农户转出土地的意愿租金下降149%；促使村庄内处于土地依赖程度后30%的农户转出土地的意愿租金上升173%。总的来说，社会保障对于土地保障的替代效应主要作用于高土地依赖型的农户。     

On the inclusiveness of rural road improvement: Evidence from Morocco

This paper explores the heterogeneous impact of a rural road improvement project on the economic activities and living standards of households in Morocco. Road pavement improvements are expected to promote better market access, encourage the transformation of traditional agricultural activities, and create opportunities for new economic activities. However, benefits may not extend evenly across different groups, and the distributional consequences call for careful empirical investigation. We employ a difference-in-differences (DID) estimation using a household-level panel dataset collected under a quasi-experimental setting in the 2010s. We classify households into three groups based on asset holdings (rich, middle, and poor). We provide several new findings. First, there was no significant transformation of agricultural production or sales for all groups. Second, rich households increased hired agricultural labor and began paid employment while middle households started new family businesses. Poor households, however, did not enjoy these new employment opportunities except for a marginal increase in family businesses. Third, due to shifts in employment, the rural road renewal project improved household consumption 3%–4% annually for rich and middle households, an impact not clearly seen among poor households. Thus, our findings show that the economic benefits of rural road improvement might not be well-inclusive.     

The role of sources of income and investment opportunities in rural savings

This paper investigates the effect that sources of income and investment opportunities have on the savings behavior of farm households in rural India. The panel nature of the data (agricultural years 1968–1969, 1969–1970 and 1970–1971) allows for the identification of the permanent and transitory components of a household's income. It is shown that income variability (rather than investment opportunities) can account for observed differences in the propensity to save out of different sources (agricultural/non-agricultural). A direct test of the effect of investment opportunities on savings is offered in the second part of the paper. It is observed that capital market conditions have an important effect on this relationship; poor households save more, and rich households save less, in response to an increase in investment opportunities.     

河北省农村基础设施建设的收入效应研究

运用1995～2008年的数据,采用ADF检验、协整检验等对河北省农民人均纯收入和农村用电量、农业基本建设投资额及农民家庭平均每户的交通运输、仓储和邮政业原值进行了实证分析。结果表明三者对农村经济增长具有不同程度的推动作用。政府应该通过明确农村基础设施供给中各级政府的职责,加大农村基础设施尤其是生产性基础设施的投资力度等措施来促进农村经济的发展。     

Can China's new rural pension scheme alleviate the relative poverty of rural households? An empirical analysis based on the PSM-DID method

Based on five-period panel data from the China Family Panel Studies 2010–2018, this paper uses the propensity score matching difference-in-differences (PSM-DID) method to comprehensively evaluate the effects of the New Rural Pension Scheme (NRPS) on alleviating rural households' relative poverty. At the same time, based on the theory of sustainable livelihoods of rural households, the mediating effects model is applied to analyse the mechanism of rural households' livelihood capital. The results of the study are as follows. (1) The NRPS helps alleviate the relative poverty of rural households. (2) The livelihood capital of rural households is an important mechanism for the NRPS to alleviate the relative poverty of rural households, and social capital, financial capital, and human capital all play a part in the mediating effect. (3) The results of the heterogeneity tests based on the stage of rural households' participation in the NRPS and the region of participation in the NRPS indicate that the governance effects of the NRPS on rural households' relative poverty are more significant among households in the contributory stage and the central and western regions. Additionally, the results are supported by robustness tests, such as replacing the dependent variable and the PSM method. The findings of this paper have important implications for the establishment of a long-term mechanism to address relative poverty and the construction of a more efficient and inclusive rural social pension insurance system in China and other developing countries.     

Consumption smoothing and vulnerability in Russia

Applying bootstrapped quantile regression to the Russian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey (RLMS) data, we examine the channels through which individuals experience and seek to cope with changes in consumption. We find that married individuals living in small households, with educated heads in urban areas are better equipped to smooth consumption. Investigating the impact of idiosyncratic shocks, we find that the labour market is an important transmission mechanism allowing households to smooth their consumption but also exposing them to risk, mainly through job loss. Outside of pension payments, the formal social safety net does not facilitate consumption smoothing, thus heightening the importance of informal coping institutions. It transpires that both support from relatives/friends and home production act as important insurance mechanisms for the most vulnerable. In contrast with previous findings, it would seem that regardless of its historical, political and social roots, the garden plots and dachas, often romanticized in Russian literature, do provide a means by which ‘urban’ Russians are able to cope with economic fluctuations. We finish by stressing the important policy lessons for Russia's developing market economy.     

制度建设与财政支持——农村社会养老保险可持续发展研究

中国社会正在经历一段快速老龄化时期,农村居民养老问题日益引起全社会关注。目前,全国各地农民养老模式主要依赖家庭或个人,农民对社会养老保障模式虽然存在强烈的需求,但社会养老保障组织供给问题正面临严峻的挑战。本文将对中国农村社会养老保险制度可持续发展的制度建设和财政责任进行深入分析。     

财政农业支出对农村居民消费影响的经验分析

本文采用广义最小二乘法对财政农业支出与农村居民消费的关系进行了经验性探讨。结果表明:财政用于农业支出对农村居民消费有拉动效用,其中,支农支出和农业基本建设支出对消费有明显促进作用,但未发现农业科研和农村救济费对消费有影响。笔者结合财政支农资金总量及结构变动趋势,认为建立财政用于农业支出的长效投资机制,倾向于农业生产性投资的支出结构,是刺激农村消费的有效途径。     

Strategic complementarities and social transfers: how do PROGRESA payments impact nonbeneficiaries?

The article examines local economy effects of social transfers by focusing on food consumption and asset holdings of noneligible households in rural Mexico following the introduction of Programa de Educación, Salud y Alimentación (PROGRESA) in 1997. The quasi experimental nature of the evaluation data collected for the purposes of evaluating the impact of PROGRESA enables comparison of welfare indicators among noneligible households in treatment areas and control areas. The analysis finds that noneligible households in treatment areas show significantly higher levels of food consumption and asset holdings following the introduction of PROGRESA, compared to noneligible households in control areas. These results are interpreted to suggest that transfers in poor rural areas in Mexico enable agents to interact more strategically such that nonbeneficiaries, as well as beneficiaries, reap consumption and production advantages.     

A general equilibrium analysis of production subsidy in a Harris-Todaro developing economy: an application to India

Since 1950s India has advocated import substituting industrialization policies to promote its manufacturing sector. The end result was creation of a dual economy: highly favored manufacturing sector with high and rigid wages and neglected agricultural sector with low wages and poverty. Because of the higher wages in the manufacturing sector, the rural laborers migrate to the urban sector, a typical characteristic of the Harris-Todaro developing economy. Realizing this crisis, the Indian government recently initiated policies to boost agricultural production to curb the labor migration and improve the welfare of the rural population. In this study, we develop a computable general equilibrium (CGE) model for India by incorporating Harris-Todaro economic characteristics of unemployment, labor migration, farm dependant population, and labor-intensive agriculture. We use the model to analyze the effects of agricultural production subsidy policies on employment, factor price, output price, output levels, and welfare in agricultural and manufacturing sectors. Our findings show that agricultural production subsidy increases agricultural production, reduces unemployment, raises the wage rate in the agriculture sector, augments the consumption among the rural and urban households, and increases the rental rate for capital in agricultural sector.     

Does deflation affect household spending? The case of the Netherlands

This article investigates the impact of deflation on real private consumption and residential investment by Dutch households during the 1980–2013 period. We estimate theoretically founded consumption and investment equations and show that a fall in the general price level significantly negatively affects both growth in real consumption and residential investment. The impact on residential investment is more delayed, but stronger.     

International factor mobility,environmental pollution and skilled–unskilled wage inequality in developing countries

This paper establishes a static three-sector general equilibrium model by accommodating environmental pollution to investigate the impact exerted by skilled immigrants and foreign direct investment on the skilled–unskilled wage inequality. Environment is treated as an input for agricultural production. The production process of the urban low-skill sector generates environmental pollution, which deteriorates the rural environment and thereby influences agricultural production. The present paper highlights the role of environmental pollution in the determination of the skilled–unskilled wage inequality due to skilled immigrants and foreign direct investment.     

基于实物期权的农户农业长期投资行为研究

通过对现有研究农户生产性投资行为的文献进行分析,对农户生产性投资作了进一步细分:农业长期投资和短期投资.我们认为只有农业长期投资会影响到农村经济和农业持续发展,进而我们发现了农业长期投资的一个重要特征,即实物期权的性质.因而,我们运用实物期权的方法对农业长期投资进行分析,从而更好地解释了我国农业长期投资面临的困境,并给出了我们的建议.     

Redistributive pensions in the developing world

Redistributive so‐called social pension schemes have seen a remarkable surge in developing countries. These schemes often target the rural elderly and correlate with urbanization rates, urban rural‐wage differentials, and family norms. We use this stylized evidence to motivate a political economy model for a Beveridgean pension system with trade‐offs between four groups: the (poorer) rural old and young, and the (richer) urban old and young. We show under which conditions governments will install a pension system and increase its generosity as the share of the urban population rises, productivity differentials between urban and rural workers widen, or the social norm erodes. Our conclusion is that the role of the rural–urban divide in shaping redistribution merits more scholarly attention, as the gap between cities and the countryside widens in many developing countries.     

农地流转影响因素的实证分析* ——基于CHIPS 8 000农户数据

大量的劳动力流失使得以家庭劳动力为主体的小规模农业经营体系已经难以维持。构建具有现代农业特点的新型农业经营体系需要通过土地流转来扩大农户的经营规模,实现机器对劳动的替代。然而,现实中土地流转受到各种因素的影响,流转速度仍然很缓慢。本文通过Probit模型对CHIPS2008的8 000户农户数据进行了分析,并采用IV Probit和2SLS方法来回避内生性问题。本文研究发现：第一,农户家庭中非农就业劳动力比例增大有助于提高农地流动的概率,但非农就业比对土地流转的正面作用会受到来自农业兼业化的负面影响。第二,与非农就业收入水平相比,非农就业稳定性对农地流转的影响程度更高,这揭示了城乡分隔体制下的中国小农经营与外国单纯追求利润的企业化农场经营行为方式是有差异的。第三,养老和医疗保险可以减少农民家庭的后顾之忧,降低他们对土地作为社会保障手段的依赖程度。但从具体数据分析结果来看,有无城市户口对农户土地流转的影响程度要比养老和医疗保险的因素更为显著。     

农户耕地劳力投入的影响因素——基于湖北农户调查的实证分析

农户对耕地劳动力投入,是影响农业经济增长、粮食安全的重要因素。文章在对湖北省9个县市672个农户进行问卷调查的基础上,采用回归分析方法,对农户耕地劳力投入的影响因素进行了实证分析。研究结果表明：城市化对农户劳动力投入影响很大,务农人员主要是中老年人,且文化程度整体不高;农户农业生产投入行为是理性的,符合比较利益和风险规避原理;农业机械对劳力具有较强的替代作用,耕地经营规模对农户耕地劳力投入也有较大的影响。     

农产品营销合作中影响农户合同形式选择的因素分析——基于江西省486户农户的实证

本文以江西省486农户为例,分析了农产品营销合作中农户合同形式选择的影响因素,实证结果表明,农户家庭类型、户主文化程度、户主风险态度、农产品生产集中度、专用设施投入、经营规模、农产品价格波动、销售难度、距离市场远近、政府支持及农产品类型等多种因素对农户合同形式选择有不同程度和不同方向的影响。在本研究基础上,本文提出了相关政策建议。     

Where did all the remittances go? Understanding the impact of remittances on consumption patterns in rural China

We focus on the impact of migrants’ remittances on consumption patterns in China. Using a large homogenous sample of rural households surveyed in 2001 and 2004, we find that remittances are spent on nonhousing consumption expenditures at the margin, virtually dollar-for-dollar, when we instrument remittances and local employed earnings using proxies of social networks. Our findings are robust to intra-household division of labour and to fixed-effect for the county in which the respondents are registered. These results imply that rural households largely take remittances as permanent income and are consistent with the prevalence of circular and repeat migration in China.     

OLD‐AGE PENSION AND EXTENDED FAMILIES: HOW IS ADULT CHILDREN'S INTERNAL MIGRATION AFFECTED?

This article makes use of the most recent social pension reform in rural China to examine whether receipt of the pension payment equips adult children of pensioners to migrate. Employing a regression discontinuity (hereafter RD) design to a primary longitudinal survey, this article overcomes challenges in the literature that households eligible for pension payment might be systematically different from ineligible households and that it is difficult to separate the effect of pension from that of age or cohort heterogeneity. Around the pension eligibility age cutoff, results reveal large and significant increase among adult sons (but not daughters) to migrate out of their home county. Meanwhile, adult children are more likely to migrate out if their parents are healthy. Our Fuzzy RD estimations survive a standard set of key placebo tests and robustness checks. (JEL H55, I38 J14, J22)     

Consumption,habit formation,and savings: Evidence from a rural household panel survey

Protecting consumption from the effects of uninsured risk is vital for rural farming households, who tend to be poor and live close to subsistence level. Income uncertainty and habit formation play important roles in the consumption and savings. Variability in weather conditions has a strong linkage with variability in agricultural income in developing countries. This study analyzes consumption and saving decisions of rural farm households in India. Using household panel data for 4 years, we estimated consumption equation accounting for habit formation under income uncertainty. Our findings suggest an evidence for habit formation among rural households. Additionally, we found that both annual and seasonal weather risks significantly influence savings among rural households. Findings from this study also suggest a robust and vibrant farm economy and that the nonfarm economy could contribute to the economic well‐being of rural farming households.