HOW ENDAs EXTEND THE WORKWEEK: LEGAL PROTECTION AND THE LABOR SUPPLY OF BEHAVIORALLY GAY MEN

Employment Nondiscrimination Acts (ENDAs) have received much political attention in the recent past. Despite the political attention, very little research has investigated the impact of ENDAs. I analyze the impact of ENDAs on labor supplies, which is under‐researched in the policy analysis literature. My work is the first to investigate the labor supply patterns of behaviorally gay men using data that are representative of the entire behaviorally gay population. I show that ENDAs motivate behaviorally gay men to work roughly 15–20 h more per week and increase the probability that behaviorally gay men will supply any labor by approximately 7%. These results suggest that ENDAs increase the labor supply of behaviorally gay workers by increasing workplace tolerance of homosexuality. (JEL J2, J7, J1)     

LABOR MARKET DISCRIMINATION AND CAPITAL: THE EFFECTS OF FAN DISCRIMINATION ON STADIUM AND ARENA CONSTRUCTION

We investigate the possibility that labor market discrimination affects capital. Previous research indicates that discrimination affects wages and employment in labor markets. However, the effects of discrimination on other inputs to production are not known. We develop a model of the optimal capital stock in the presence of customer discrimination and test this model using data on sports facility construction. The empirical evidence suggests that teams in cities with a larger white population and more racial segregation put less capital in place, confirming the predictions of the model about the effect of customer discrimination on capital inputs. (JEL J7, D24, L83)     

REFORMING THE FED: ITS INDEPENDENCE AND LESSONS FROM HUMPHREY-HAWKINS

The last session of Congress witnessed renewed calls for reforming the Federal Reserve System so as to better coordinate monetary and fiscal policies. This paper examines how the current institutional structure, established by the Humphrey-Hawkins Act of 1978, performed when the supply-side tax cuts were implemented during 1981 and 1982. The findings reveal that authorities barely discussed the necessary policy coordination at the Humphrey-Hawkins hearings. Further, the record reveals that Fed Chairman Volcker refused to utilize the Fed's independence to publicly oppose the supply-side tax cuts.     

FAMILY SAFETY NETS AND ECONOMIC TRANSITION: A STUDY OF WORKER HOUSEHOLDS IN POLAND

Can Eastern European families most severely impoverished during the transition to capitalism rely on private family safety nets? This question is likely critical for the transition's success, but little is known about family networks in Eastern Europe. We analyze newly available Polish household surveys, conducted both before and after Poland's economic transition, which measure private inter-household transfers. Such transfers are large and widespread in Poland, and in many ways appear to function like means-tested public transfers. They flow from high to low-income households and are targeted to young couples, families with many children and those experiencing illness. Private transfer patterns also suggest that they are responsive to liquidity constraints. Our results from 1987 data indicate that private transfers could fill a non-trivial portion of the income gap left by unemployment. However, we also find evidence from 1992 data suggesting that family networks weakened somewhat after the transition.     

企业管理:主题演进与范式流变

随着市场形态的演变,企业管理的主题已从效率演变为持续发展。伴随着管理主题的演变,企业管理的基本维度从单一的效率维度转变为创新维度、效率维度与风险规避维度的复合;管理的要素路径从单点式转变为全序列式和集群式;管理的方式从总体上的刚性转变为总体上的黏性。企业管理学正在形成以持续发展为主题的新的理论综合与范式特征。     

资产管理公司的重新定位与发展思路

国内经济形势决定了资产管理公司要长期存在,但现行的官办官营的经营管理模式不能适应这一任务的要求,因此,必须重新审视资产管理公司的定位和发展问题。金融控股公司战略是资产管理公司未来发展的现实选择。     

致贫的制度经济学研究:制度成本与制度收益的不对称性分析

本文通过构建多元利益结构下的政策歧视模型,指出制度成本与制度收益的不对称关系具有内生性,这是致贫制度的核心特征。本文进一步指出,由于制度成本的层层转嫁,主导者无约束地追求收益最大化,不仅将导致当代社会贫富分化加剧和社会动荡,还将招致自然生态和资源、环境的严重负反馈,给人类自身的可持续性带来严峻挑战。     

非一体化经营方式的有效性及交易费用条件

产品外包加工是一种非一体化的生产方式,也称虚拟化经营方式,是网络经济的一种表现,也是社会分工的进一步细化。知识经济下产品价值来源转移,经济全球化、信息技术进步等因素以及由诸种因素导致的交易费用相对下降,是产生和推动这一变革的主要原因。在适宜的行业中实行非一体化经营方式是提高我国企业竞争力的一种战略措施。     

PARTICIPATION IN WORKPLACE EMPLOYER‐SPONSORED TRAINING IN CANADA: ROLE OF FIRM CHARACTERISTICS AND WORKER ATTRIBUTES

In this work, we study the role of firm characteristics and worker attributes in determining participation in workplace employer‐sponsored training in Canada using the Workplace and Employee Survey (WES) of Statistics Canada. We attempt to answer the following questions using the rich information of firms that are available in WES data: Does firms' provision of workplace training encourage workers' participation in Canada? How do changes in market competition, organizational changes, and technological innovation affect workers' participation in workplace training in Canada? We find that firms' training provision significantly affects workers' participation in Canada. We also find that increased international competition, organizational changes, and technological innovation are significantly correlated with workers' training participation at workplaces. We note that workers in some sectors and in smaller firms have lower workplace training incidence and older, part‐time, production and marketing/sales workers and workers with preschool children participate less in workplace training. (JEL J080, J240, J290)     

EVIDENCE ON GENDER WAGE DISCRIMINATION IN PORTUGAL: PARAMETRIC AND SEMI‐PARAMETRIC APPROACHES

In this paper we consider several alternative approaches to analyze gender wage discrimination. Besides the traditional OLS estimator, we use two other approaches to control for sample selection bias problems: the parametric procedure suggested by Vella and Wooldridge, and the Li and Wooldridge semi‐parametric estimator. We study the case of Portugal, employing data from the European Community Household Panel. The results reveal that the discrimination estimates are sensitive to the different econometric approaches. In fact, when sample selection bias is taken into account, the discrimination values are reduced and are typically not significant.     

MEN, MONEY, AND MEDALS: AN ECONOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF THE OLYMPIC GAMES

Abstract.  Population size and the level of income per capita are major determinants of the number of medals won by a country in the 1952–2004 Olympic Games. A parsimonious count (Poisson) model fits the data very well: the squared correlation between the predicted value of the number of medals won and the observed value is about 56%. There exist strong country-specific effects in Olympic medals results. While the USA and China tend to outperform other countries relative to their size and income, the Asian dragons tend to under-perform in the Games.     

WAGE DIFFERENTIALS, DISCRIMINATION AND INEQUALITY: A CAUTIONARY NOTE ON THE JUHN, MURPHY AND PIERCE DECOMPOSITION METHOD

This paper shows how difficult it is to study the roles of discrimination and unobserved skills when studying changes in racial and gender wage gaps over time by examining merits and shortcomings of a popular decomposition method by Juhn, Murphy and Pierce (JMP). The JMP method shows that wage dispersion can offer a compelling explanation of the wage gap. However, JMP have to rely on a few strong assumptions in order to derive their decomposition equation, which introduces wage inequality as the price of unobserved skills (the standard deviation of the residuals) into their decomposition equation.     

INEQUALITY OF OPPORTUNITY IN EARNINGS AND CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURE: THE CASE OF INDIAN MEN

The paper associates inequality of opportunities with outcome differences that can be accounted by predetermined circumstances which lie beyond the control of an individual, such as parental education, parental occupation, caste, religion, and place of birth. The non‐parametric estimates using parental education as a measure of circumstances reveal that the opportunity share of earnings inequality in 2004–05 was 11–19 percent for urban India and 5–8 percent for rural India. The same figures for consumption expenditure inequality are 10–19 percent for urban India and 5–9 percent for rural India. The overall opportunity share estimates (parametric) of earnings inequality due to circumstances, including caste, religion, region, parental education, and parental occupation, vary from 18 to 26 percent for urban India, and from 16 to 21 percent for rural India. The overall opportunity share estimates for consumption expenditure inequality are close to the earnings inequality figures for both urban and rural areas. The analysis further finds evidence that the parental education specific opportunity share of overall earnings (and consumption expenditure) inequality is largest in urban India, but caste and geographical region also play an equally important role when rural India is considered.     

我国中小企业经营模式及政策扶持

我国产业分工的不断深化使中小企业不再受制于规模经济,除了极少数具有先天垄断特质的行业,绝大多数的产业,都能透过“地区规模经济”和“零部件规模经济”取代企业内部的规模经济,使企业内部的分工外部化,变为社会分工。这种趋势非常有利于中小企业形成集群合作关系。     

研发购并的动因、决策流程与风险管理

研发购并是替代自主研发的一种形式,也是企业获得研发资源以强化竞争优势的重要战略手段。企业在自主研发、研发购并与研发联盟之间存在一定的偏好,但是受一些环境因素的影响,企业可能作出与其偏好不一致的选择。购并企业应在目标筛选和组织整合两个阶段控制和化解研发购并存在的巨大风险。     

人力资源管理与企业绩效:国内外实证研究的评论与思考

人力资源管理系统与企业绩效的关系是国内外战略人力资源管理实证研究的热点。通过对中国和西方背景下主要实证研究的比较可以发现,国内外实证研究在结论上存在明显差异。在西方,大量的实证研究发现,人力资源管理系统与企业绩效之间存在一种积极的关系。而在中国,实证研究的结论并不一致,总体而言,人力资源管理系统与企业绩效之间的关系并不显著,其原因在于中国社会背景的独特性和国内实证研究方法的不足。因此,我们需要进一步提高我国实证研究的效度和信度。     

MONEY AGGREGATES MANAGEMENT: PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS IN CHINA'S ECONOMIC TRANSITION

This study discusses China's money supply management in its economic transition. Institutional analysis and empirical evidence suggest (i) the People's Bank of China is capable of conducting indirect monetary policy in the central banking system, (ii) integral financial reforms in the areas of legislation, management, regulation, supervision, governance, and structure are required to overcome difficulties of the monetary base control, (iii) the money multipliers are technically predictable. These results provide ways for the central bank to improve the effectiveness of monetary policy enforcement. ( JEL E51, E58, G21, P21)     

中国企业管理软国际竞争力评价和分析

中国企业管理软国际竞争力评价体系,应包括企业治理结构、管理制度、雇员管理及企业伦理四要素等15项测度指标。综合评价结果表明欧洲企业管理软国际竞争力水平是处于强势,亚洲一些国家和地区在逐渐增强。统计数据分析还表明,企业软国际竞争力要素及具体指标之间的相关性较大,竞争力的系统性能力比较强。中国企业在管理软国际竞争力方面被世界认可的程度比较低下,与发展中国家如巴西、印度等国相比也有比较大的差距。这些严重影响了中国产业国际竞争力的提升。