ASSESSING THE EFFICIENCY OF PUBLIC SCHOOLS USING DATA ENVELOPMENT ANALYSIS AND FRONTIER REGRESSION

The cost efficiency of 520 New York school districts is measured using data envelopment analysis and stochastic frontier regression. Mean inefficiency is 14% using either method, and the rank order correlation coefficient of inefficiency between the two methods is 86. The three largest school districts (Buffalo, Rochester, and Syracuse) are among the most efficient. Student test scores are output variables, and socioeconomic control variables are included to adjust for the harshness of the educational environment in which districts operate. (JEL C29, C61, 121)     

CHARTER SCHOOL COMPETITION AND ITS IMPACT ON EMPLOYMENT SPENDING IN MICHIGAN'S PUBLIC SCHOOLS

This paper seeks to determine how competition from charter schools affects a broad range of employees including instructors, administrators, and support personnel. Three empirical models are estimated utilizing a panel data from Michigan: a fixed effect model, a fixed effect model with lagged dependent variable, and an instrumental variable model. The key findings are that when a school district faces competition from charter schools they spend a larger percentage on instructors (most likely most of this is going toward teachers and not teacher aides), while spending a smaller percentage on employees that support instructors. The models seem to imply that the increased spending on teachers may not be reflected in a salary increase. (JEL H52, H75, I21, I22)     

域名保护的法律与经济分析

本文从法律和经济学两种视角对域名产权的初始分配进行了分析。文章阐述了有关域名纠纷的产生及司法实践中对其处理的不足。从财产法、知识产权制度、民事行为分析、竞争法等法律角度对域名纠纷解决的缺憾进行了回顾;然后从经济学的产权理论入手,对域名的分配做了效率分析,最终得出了合适的产权分配方案。     

高房价与城镇居民创业*——基于CHIP微观数据的实证分析

以往有关高房价与创业的研究存在一定争议,本文基于2002年和2008年中国家庭收入调查（CHIP）分析了高房价对城镇居民创业行为的影响。实证结果表明,在其他条件不变的情况下,高房价能够提高中国城镇居民的创业概率,负担房贷会降低城镇居民创业的可能性,高房价刺激的多为自雇型创业,对老板型创业的促进作用不明显。由于促进的大多是自雇型创业,所以不能高估高房价对创业活动的激励作用,在未来鼓励大众创业的过程中应该着重考虑其他制度性因素。       

高新技术企业减税与企业创新

研究政府减税如何影响企业创新,对中国经济高质量发展意义重大。本文使用2008—2014年国家统计局全国创新调查企业数据库数据,运用动态面板门限模型并结合有效工具变量,研究高新技术企业减税对企业创新是否存在门限影响。研究发现：第一,高新技术企业减税对企业创新存在一个大小约为6500的“规模阈值”,15%的所得税优惠政策会促使高新技术企业的减税规模超过“规模阈值”,导致企业创新水平内卷化;第二,在同等条件下,相对于低研发强度的高新技术企业,高新技术企业减税对高研发强度企业创新的促进效应更强,尤其对员工物质激励水平和技术改造能力较高的高新技术企业,其减税规模对企业创新的促进效应更加突出;第三,在同等条件下,相对于欠发达地区的高新技术企业,高新技术企业减税对经济发达地区企业创新的促进效应更大。政府应对高新技术企业的减税规模设置一个上限,且所得税优惠税率应结合企业研发强度和地区经济发展水平进行浮动管理。     

HIGH AND LOW EARNINGS JOBS: THE FORTUNES OF EMPLOYERS AND WORKERS

The focus of the literature on the effect of job changes has been on the consequences of job destruction on the individual worker. In this paper we analyze the impact on the earnings distribution of both job creation and job destruction. We establish a link between job reallocation and the movement of workers into and out of the tails of the earnings distribution. Both job creating and job destroying employers shed jobs mostly from the middle and lower tails of the earnings distribution, although this is cyclically very sensitive. Labor mobility (triggered by job reallocation) is risky: mobile workers will generally end up in the upper or lower tail of the distribution rather than in the middle. If workers move across industry boundaries, they typically move to the lower tails of the distribution. In sum, the fortunes of workers depend on the fortunes of their employers.     

世界油气工业空间结构模式初探

从世界油气资源的空间结构入手，根据其与社会经济空间结构的耦合关系，提出世界油气工业三大空间结构模式，即协同发展(就近供应)模式、通道发展模式和点轴发展模式，以期能为我国油气工业的发展提供有益的思路和借鉴。     

战略竞争、股权融资约束与高负债融资抉择

本文基于产品市场竞争环境下,企业需要投资扩张更新换代产品或者达到规模经济,但面临股权融资约束的情况,建立多期模型,分析高负债融资的权衡因素。模型表明,企业权衡的是放弃举债融资造成投资不足带来的竞争地位损失、企业价值下降,与举债融资以保持足额投资,但可能增加财务危机概率的风险,而不是传统资本结构权衡理论认为的税盾与财务危机成本的权衡。模型进一步证明,在产品生命周期短,更新换代快以及规模效应明显的情况下,企业会倾向于将保持足额投资放在首位,而舍弃资本结构的安全性。     

TITLE IX AND THE EVOLUTION OF HIGH SCHOOL SPORTS

The passage of Title IX, the 1972 Education Amendments to the Civil Rights Act, expanded high school athletic opportunities to include girls, revolutionizing mass sports participation in the United States. This paper analyzes high school athletic participation in the United States and how sports offerings for boys and girls changed subsequent to the passage of this legislation. Girls' sports participation rose dramatically both following the enactment of Title IX and subsequent to enhancements to its enforcement. Approximately half of all girls currently participate in sports during high school; however, there remains a substantial gap between girls and boys participation in many states. States' average education level and social attitudes regarding Title IX and women's rights are correlated with this remaining gender gap. Examining individual high school students, sports participation is seen more frequently among those with a privileged background: white students with married, wealthy, educated parents are more likely to play sports. This finding points to an overlooked fact—while Title IX benefited girls by increasing the opportunity to play sports, these benefits were disproportionately reaped by those at the top of the income distribution. ( JEL J16, J18, J24, I2)     

EARNJNGS INEQUALITY IN PORTUGAL: HIGH AND RISING?

The level of earnings inequality and its change during the 1980s in Portugal are analyzed, relying on several inequality measures and on international comparisons to generate insight into their patterns. A high level of inequality at the beginning of the eighties is detected, together with a pronounced rise in wage dispersion, brought about by growing inequality at the top. Changes taking place within economic activities, possibly technical progress, are the main forces driving these changes in the wage pattern, while demographic forces, as well as international trade, which could have generated shifts in the demand for labor across economic activities, should be dismissed as explanations for the rise in labor market inequality in Portugal from 1983 to 1992.     

经济增长、人口结构变化与中国高储蓄

本文以生命周期理论为出发点,并运用中国1989—2006年的省际面板数据考察了经济增长、人口年龄结构变化以及它们的交互作用对中国储蓄率的影响。我们通过不同的识别方式和各种计量方法实证检验发现:市场经济转型带来的经济高速增长与人口政策转变带来的抚养系数下降导致中国储蓄率不断上升,经济增长对储蓄率上升的贡献随着适龄劳动人口数量的增加而被强化,但会随着人口老龄化程度的加深而被弱化。在使用了不同的识别方法与计量技术并控制了其他潜在影响中国储蓄率的各种因素后,我们的结果基本稳健。     

高技术引导下的深港一体化研究

进入９０年代以来,香港与深圳及内地的合作开始进入了一个新的阶段,即以高技术产业合作为主的阶段。本文从这一轮新的以高技术产业合作的背景出发,提出深港应走“竞争互动式”区域发展模式,并对深港合作的新机制进行了分析,最后对深港实现区域一体化提出了一些具体的措施。     

技术的时空扩散研究:以GIS在中国教育科研机构的扩散为例

新技术的扩散总是涉及到时间和空间两个尺度,相当一部分技术扩散研究只研究时间这一尺度。相比而言,空间的扩散过程及机理的研究就困难得多,这不仅因为数据难以获得,而且因为在空间尺度上影响扩散的因素也相当复杂。文章利用文献计量方法获得有关GIS技术在中国教育科研机构的基本数据,为技术的时空扩散研究提供了难得的数据资源。该数据的特点在于同时具有时间和空间两维尺度。数据表明,无论是在时间还是在空间尺度上,技术的扩散都表现为经典的S型增长路径。在数据的基础上分析了影响GIS扩散的主要因素,包括地区文化教育和科研状况、地区经济发展以及地区信息与网络状况等。在此基础上,利用主体模型对时空扩散过程加以模拟,模拟的结果比较令人满意,表明对于影响因素的分析是可靠的。     

中国沿海地区高新技术产业发展的若干问题

近10多年来，高新技术产业的崛起成为沿海地区经济增长的新亮点，文章分析了中国沿海地区高新技术产业发展的特点，指出目前制约沿海地区高新技术产业发展的主要问题，阐述了建设布局与区域分布特征，提出沿海地区高技术产业的发展战略、途径及对策建议，为有关部门提供决策参考。     

房价上涨与中国城市“新二元结构”的加剧

中国城市中以外来流动人口与本地居民收入差距扩大为特征的“新二元结构”正在制造新的不平等。本文理论分析发现：房价上涨导致城市本地居民收入提高、外来流动人口收入下降。本文将2014—2015年全国流动人口动态监测数据匹配到251个城市,实证检验表明房价上涨显著加剧了城市“新二元结构”,该结论在不同子样本与稳健性检验中都成立;作用机制检验表明房价通过引起城市本地居民收入提高与外来流动人口收入下降加剧了城市“新二元结构”。     

高送转与股价崩盘风险:抑制还是加重

本文以我国2003—2015年A股公司为样本,考察了公司“高送转”与股价崩盘风险之间的关系。研究发现,公司“高送转”能够有效抑制股价崩盘风险,相对于创业板,主板公司“高送转”抑制股价崩盘风险的作用更为显著。而且,“高送转”对于股价崩盘风险的抑制作用并不受公司财务状况和减持情况的影响,该抑制作用的期限超过了我国投资者平均持股时间。本文有助于加深人们对于“高送转”经济后果的认识。     

高参与工作系统和组织创新绩效:社会资本的中介作用

根据前人的研究,本文提出了社会资本存在结构、认知和情感三个维度。在此基础上,本文提出了高参与工作系统对企业绩效的作用机制模型。通过实证研究发现,高参与工作系统通过员工和组织间的信任关系对创新绩效产生了积极影响。然而,当认知信任很高的时候,由于搭便车、过度投资等原因,认知信任的上升反而会降低企业绩效。情感信任对组织创新绩效一直具有积极的影响。以往在中国情境下进行的研究发现,高参与工作系统更有利于提高人际网络联系的紧密程度,从而不利于结构洞的形成和组织创新的发生。虽然本文没有发现高参与工作系统对人际网络紧密程度的影响,但是发现人际网络紧密程度对于创新绩效的负向影响。因此,对于中国企业而言,高参与工作系统可能是一个悖论。虽然高参与工作系统可以提高组织信任关系和相互忠诚,但也降低了结构洞和弱联系网络的形成。     

HIGH‐TECH AND HIGH CAPABILITY IN A GROWTH MODEL*

A growth model is developed to substantiate the conventional wisdom that regards high‐tech high‐capability firms as an engine of sustained technological progress. High‐tech industries are characterized by abounding technological opportunities, which promote endogenous high capability firms due to a competitive escalation mechanism. While high‐tech high‐capability firms capitalize on and discharge the existing innovation potentials, they also contribute to recharge (due to knowledge spillovers). They are a source of growth and high wage rate. An inquiry into the reasons why the high‐tech/high‐capability growth mechanism is not widely adoptable across countries points to the role of the underlying corporate governance systems.     

均衡性转移支付、公共支出结构与经济高质量发展

本文首先从理论层面系统阐述均衡性转移支付、公共支出结构与经济增长质量三者之间的多重作用机制。其次立足"五大发展理念"构建综合指标体系对经济增长质量展开测度,本文发现我国地方经济增长质量虽然在整体上呈缓慢上升态势,但其绝对水平相对偏低,且具有较为明显的地区异质性。最后本文通过构建动态面板联立方程模型与采取三阶段最小二乘法进行实证考察,结果表明:地方政府公共支出结构与经济增长质量显著正相关,但均衡性转移支付与经济增长质量的正相关关系并不显著。标准化回归结果显示均衡性转移支付能够通过优化公共支出结构对地方经济增长质量产生间接提升效应。