The impacts of robotization on macro and sectoral economies within a world econometric model

A world model of industry and trade is developed to evaluate the probable global impact of robotization on the macro and sectoral economies. It is found that robotization in Japan and Korea has a positive impact on their economic growth, whereas robotization in the United States apparently has a negative impact on economic growth. It is also found that the international impacts of robotization in Japan are negative for the United States, but positive for the Korean economy.     

Perpetual growth,the labor share,and robots

ABSTRACT

The recent literature on the economic effects of machine learning, robotization and artificial intelligence suggests that there may be an upcoming wave of substitution of human labor by machines. We argue that these new technologies may lead to so-called perpetual growth, i.e. growth of per capita income with a non-progressing state of technology. We specify an exact parameter threshold beyond which perpetual growth emerges, and argue that ongoing technological change may bring the threshold in reach. We also show that in a state of perpetual growth, factor-eliminating technological progress reduces the role of labor in the production process and that this leads to a rising wage rate but ever-declining share of wage income. We present simulation experiments on several policy options to combat this inequality, including a universal basic income as well as an option in which workers become owners of ‘robots’.     

人力资本和社会资本能提高失地农民就业水平吗*——基于北京地区连续跟踪的调查数据

本文以北京地区失地农民为研究对象,基于2008年和2015年两次失地农民社会调查数据,通过失地农民的就业机制分析,构建Logistic回归模型并进行“稀有事件偏差”检验,分析在城镇化进程中,人力资本和社会资本对失地农民就业机会、职务晋升和就业行业的影响。研究发现,在失地农民获得非农就业机会方面,2008年人力资本和社会资本对其有着显著的正向影响,2015年人力资本和政治面貌的影响不显著,不过求职途径和户籍的影响显著;在职务晋升方面,两次调查结果基本一致,政治面貌、受教育程度和职业培训对其有着显著的正向影响,求职途径、户籍的影响不显著;在就业行业方面,随着时间的推进,2015年失地农民的就业行业选择出现了新的变化,有44%的失地农民开始到公共部门就业,2008年人力资本、政治面貌和求职途径变量对其进入传统行业就业无显著影响 ,2015年开始凸显,特别是对其进入公共部门就业有着显著正向影响,而户籍对进入传统行业有着正向影响,对进入公共部门无影响。     

数字经济赋能服务业就业：行业异质性与空间效应

数字经济的发展对实现高质量充分就业具有重要作用,促进服务业就业是实现高质量充分就业的重要抓手。本文基于2011—2019年的地级市面板数据分析了数字经济对服务业就业的影响,并进一步考察了该影响的行业异质性和空间效应。研究结果表明,数字经济有助于增加服务业就业,并且采用中国劳动力动态调查微观数据的分析也得出相同的结论;数字经济主要通过扩张城市人口规模,促进产业结构服务化来增加服务业就业;数字经济对服务业就业的影响存在行业异质性,对流通服务业、个人服务业和生产服务业的就业产生了正向影响,但影响程度存在明显差异,对公共服务业的就业没有产生显著影响;数字经济对服务业就业的影响产生了空间效应,并且该空间效应也存在行业异质性。     

Employment Status Persistence in the Japanese Labour Market

The growth of non‐standard employment has become a cause for concern for policy‐makers trying to boost output and keep unemployment low while also maintaining job security. This paper estimates a dynamic unobserved effects model using the Keio Household Panel Survey, an individual‐level panel data set, to investigate the effects on future employment opportunities of employment in Japan's non‐standard employment and regular employment sectors. I find strong evidence of persistence within the labour market, suggesting that past employment experience has a significant impact on future labour market outcomes.     

Scale effects in endogenous growth theory: an error of aggregation not specification

Modern Schumpeterian growth theory focuses on the product line as the main locus of innovation and exploits endogenous product proliferation to sterilize the scale effect. The empirical core of this theory consists of two claims: (i) growth depends on average employment (i.e., employment per product line); (ii) average employment is scale invariant. We show that data on employment, R&D personnel, and the number of establishments in the US for the period 1964–2001 provide strong support for these claims. While employment and the total number of R&D workers increase with no apparent matching change in the long-run trend of productivity growth, employment and R&D employment per establishment exhibit no long-run trend. We also document that the number of establishments, employment and population exhibit a positive trend, while the ratio employment/establishment does not. Finally, we provide results of time series tests consistent with the predictions of these models.     

The determinants of local employment dynamics in Western Germany

This article studies the impact of the local industrial structure on employment dynamics in Western Germany. Following the approach of Combes et al. (J Urban Econ 56:217–243, 2004) for France, local employment growth is decomposed into internal growth resulting from employment changes in existing plants and into external growth determined by employment decisions of newly established plants. The dynamics of both components are estimated simultaneously, taking explicitly into account the timing of the impact of specialization, diversity, and competition in a region. The analysis is conducted for 24 sectors in the West German labor market regions from 1993 to 2002. Estimation results emphasize the positive influence of diversity on both the internal and external employment growth, whereas there is no clear result on specialization. A high degree of competition fosters external employment, but is detrimental to internal employment. Dynamic panel regressions show that static externalities dominate. Importantly, the impact of the local industrial structure on employment dynamics does not differ between small and larger plants, nor are there fundamental differences between Western Germany and France.     

The impact of the Self‐Sufficiency Project on the employment behaviour of former welfare recipients

Abstract The Self‐Sufficiency Project (SSP) was a Canadian randomized trial in which the program group had 12 months to find full‐time employment in order to qualify for a subsidy that roughly doubled their pre‐tax earnings for the next three years. We find evidence of significant impacts of SSP on non‐employment and employment durations. For the treated group, simulation results show an impact on the employment rate at 52 months after random assignment in the range of 7 to 11 percentage points; this is approximately a 25% increase in the employment rate compared with having no treatment in place.     

Maternal employment trajectories and caring for an infant or toddler with a disability

Mothers caring for an infant or toddler continue to face barriers in returning to work after child birth. Mothers caring for an infant or toddler with a disability, however, may face even greater barriers. This article contributes to the literature by exploring the employment costs for this group of mothers using a novel Australian administrative data set. The employment patterns of mothers with and without a disabled infant or toddler are compared both before and after child birth. The data follow 7600 mothers on a bi-weekly basis for the entire period 12 months before and the 24 months after child birth and contain information on the disability status of the child, measures of employment and the intensity of employment. I find that mothers of disabled toddlers and infants suffer employment disadvantages relative to mothers of non-disabled children. The employment gaps grow from approximately 6 percentage points shortly after their children are born to 14–17 percentage points when their children are 12–24 months old. The employment gaps exist for full-time employment as well as for short part-time employment.     

我国城市化对就业影响效应分析——基于1978-2010年的经验数据

利用1978—2010年的时间序列数据,通过协整分析、脉冲响应分析和方差分解,对我国城市化对全社会就业总量、城镇就业量和乡村就业量的长期影响效应及动态过程进行了实证分析。结果表明:我国人口城市化与各就业量之间存在长期稳定均衡关系,城市化无论对我国就业还是对城乡就业均存在正向效应,但对城镇就业的推动作用要远大于对乡村就业及全社会就业的推动作用;我国城市化对就业的中短期影响效应与长期影响效应不一致;在中短期内,城市化水平的提升对城镇就业的影响程度相对长期而言要较弱,而对全社会就业和乡村就业不仅不存在正向的促进作用,反而存在一定程度的抑制作用。最后,分析了导致上述差异的原因,并就在我国城市化进程中如何有效提高我国就业水平提出相应的政策建议。     

Employment growth and innovation at the firm level

We analyze the influence of innovation on growth rates of employment in 859 Dutch manufacturing firms over the period 1983–1988. Whereas the (growth of the) R&D intensity of firms has a slightly negative impact on employment, we find that firms with a high share of product-related R&D (as a proxi of R&D related to industrial activities in an early stage of the life cycle) experienced an above average growth of employment. The same holds for firms which directed their R&D towards information technology. Smaller firms have, ceteris paribus, substantially higher growth rates of employment than their larger counterparts. Against our expectations, R&D cooperation has no significant impact on employment growth. The same holds for activities in the fields of biotechnology and new materials.     

中国企业对外直接投资影响了劳动力市场的就业极化吗?

在中国企业"走出去"步入新常态和就业压力持续加大的复杂背景下,探寻对外直接投资影响劳动力市场中的就业极化及其作用机理,对缓解我国当前的就业矛盾具有重要意义.基于此,文章利用匹配后的中国工业企业数据,基于倾向得分匹配和倍差法实证检验了对外直接投资的就业极化效应.研究发现,对外直接投资总体上显著增加了母国劳动力市场上的就业,但影响程度具有显著差异,对高技术和低技术企业的就业水平的影响更为明显,而对中等技术企业的提升作用相对较小,即存在"两端高、中间低"的就业极化现象.进一步研究发现:(1)企业对"一带一路"沿线国家的直接投资有利于缓解我国劳动力市场的就业极化;(2)与投资中低收入国家相比,对高收入国家的直接投资在一定程度上会加剧母国劳动力市场的就业极化趋势;(3)与外资企业相比,国有企业和民营企业的对外投资加剧了劳动力的低技术"极化"趋势.上述研究为实现中国企业更好地"走出去"与就业优先战略的良性互动提供了有益的启示和借鉴.     

LABOUR MARKET ACTIVITY OF FOREIGN SPOUSES IN TAIWAN: EMPLOYMENT STATUS AND CHOICE OF EMPLOYMENT SECTOR

The present study examines the employment status and choice of employment sector of female foreign spouses from Southeast Asia and Mainland China in Taiwan. The conceptual framework is based on the family labour supply model, human and social capital theory, and immigrant assimilation theory. Our findings indicate that in regard to employment status, family background variables, including the presence of small children and husbands' characteristics, play a more significant role in determining the employment probability for these foreign spouses than do human capital variables. In particular, for spouses from Southeast Asia, each additional child is correlated with a decrease in working probability of 11.3%, whereas college education has an insignificant effect on their employment probability. Employment assimilation for these marriage immigrants may be confirmed by the finding that the employment probability of foreign spouses rises rapidly with the number of years that have elapsed since migration. As for the choice of employment sector, a strong linkage between the employment sector of the foreign spouses and their husbands' employment sector is found in this study.     

清洁能源发展对就业规模的门槛效应——基于金融规模的视角

本文基于2008—2019年省级面板数据,检验清洁能源产业发展的就业效应,并采用面板门槛模型,分析了清洁能源产业发展对劳动力就业影响的金融规模门槛效应。实证研究表明：清洁能源发展对总体就业规模有促进作用,对传统能源行业就业规模有负向作用,并且在不同清洁能源产量地区的就业影响存在异质性;以金融规模为门槛变量时,研究发现金融规模的提高,促使清洁能源产业发展对总体就业规模的提升作用显著提高,对传统能源行业就业规模的冲击作用有所下降;从区域角度来看,清洁能源发展对劳动力就业的影响存在地区差异,表现在清洁能源发展对东西部地区总体就业规模有正向作用,对中部地区则为负向作用。基于此,从完善政策激励机制、金融部门提高支持力度、地方政府因地施策等方面提出政策建议,以充分发挥清洁能源产业发展在就业创造和能源结构优化中的促进作用。     

Influence of open innovation strategies on employment dynamics: evidence for Spanish manufacturing firms

ABSTRACT

In this paper, we explore the influence of different modes of openness of innovative firms on employment growth. Using a panel database of Spanish manufacturing firms during the period 1998–2015, we analyze the influence open innovation (OI) strategies on employment distinguishing by type of external partner. The main objective of the research is to know whether opening innovation strategy contributes to employment taken into account another firm capabilities and sectorial technological opportunities. For this purpose, a two-step procedure is specified. Firstly, a random-effect computes the effects of OI on the innovation probability. In the second step, the variation of innovativeness due to openness on GMM-system estimation controlling by potential endogeneity and unobserved firm heterogeneity is used. The results support that the influence of open strategy on employment growth is positive. Moreover, the employment depends on the breadth of OI measured by the number of out-inbound relationships. Finally, the employment consequences are different for each mode of open strategy.     

DO STATE EMPLOYMENT ELIGIBILITY VERIFICATION LAWS AFFECT JOB TURNOVER?

State laws requiring employers to verify workers' employment eligibility may reduce employment and earnings among unauthorized workers and make it difficult for them to switch jobs. Using data from the 2005–2014 Quarterly Workforce Indicators, we find evidence of a reduction in employment and job turnover among Hispanics as a whole in states that require all employers to verify employment eligibility. These adverse effects become larger as the share of likely unauthorized Hispanic workers falls. The drop in job turnover may be due to the laws trapping some Hispanic workers in their jobs. There is little effect on employment or job turnover among non‐Hispanic whites or blacks. There is no effect on average pay for all groups of workers. (JEL J15, J61, J68)     

外来劳动力挤占了本地居民的就业机会吗??

城市就业包容性的提升是实现城镇化发展的重要内容,而异质外来移民对原有居民的就业机会将产生不同影响.文章运用动态监测数据,按劳动力的技能水平、所属行业和流入时期分析城市劳动力市场的就业包容性,衡量人力资本等因素在异质外来劳动力就业过程中的作用机制.研究发现：(1)总体而言,人力资本的差异性取代传统的行业壁垒已成为获取就业机会的主要因素.(2)进一步使用工具变量,对劳动力组群的就业决定模型进行估计发现,外来劳动力占比每上升10％,城市原有劳动力的就业率将下降0．04－1．99个百分点,表现为外来劳动力对城市原有低技能劳动力就业率的影响并不明显,但对高技能劳动力的就业率产生显著冲击,且此现象在部分高进入门槛行业尤为明显.(3)城市劳动力市场对不同时期流入的高技能组劳动力的包容性显著低于低技能组,高技能组劳动力之间存在更高的替代性.(4)与本地劳动力的就业率相比,新进入的外来劳动力对前期进入的外来劳动力的就业率的影响会更大,且这种影响同样会随着受教育程度的提高而递增.因此,在完善就业市场的同时,应在就业的前置和后置环节制定更有针对性的人才培养机制和引入措施.     

Effects of Local,State, and Federal Minimum Wage on Employment Growth among Teenagers in the Restaurant Industry

Over the last 20 years, local municipalities have been implementing minimum wage ordinances at an accelerated rate. These local changes, along with state and federal minimum wage increases, are included in the examination of the impact of minimum wage hikes on employment growth of teenagers in the food services and drinking places subsector. While most minimum wage research focuses on employment levels, recent contributions highlight the importance of analyzing employment growth. Following this trend, this study focuses on teenagers within the restaurant industry to test for the impact of minimum wages on inexperienced workers. Using a distributed-lag model, the results show that an increase in a minimum wage reduces employment growth for teenagers within this subsector. The effects of minimum wages within this demographic were most strongly felt in the first three years following an increase in minimum wage. Specifically, the results show that a 10% increase in the minimum wage decreases the employment growth rate by approximately 2.27% over a period of three years.

     

Capital Constraints and Employmen

Abstract
This article considers whether capital is a significant constraint on employment in Australia. We calculate the level of capital-constrained employment for seven sectors of the Australian economy. The calculations suggest that the manufacturing; transport, storage and communication; and recreation, personal and other services sectors have sufficient capital installed to increase employment. In two other sectors, mining and wholesale and retail trade, the potential for increases in employment through increased capital utilisation may be constrained by surplus labour (as of June 1993). While some sectors are capital constrained at the moment, we find that the investment requirements to increase employment in these sectors are not onerous. We also project investment requirements in each of the sectors for employment growth over the next five years. These projections suggest that a jump in investment followed by relatively modest growth is required to sustain growth in employment.     

Is there a Laffer curve between aggregate output and public sector employment?

This paper develops a model of the relationship between public sector employment, total output and aggregate real demand in market prices, where public employment has a positive productivity effect on private output. Public employment crowds out private employment and output because its increase induces higher wages and taxes. The valuation of government output is also taken into account. While public employment affects total output and aggregate real demand in an a priori ambiguous way, numerical simulations suggest that the relationship may be nonlinear; positive, when public sector is “small” and negative, when it is “large”. Using the annual data from 22 OECD countries over the period 1960–1996 and estimating and testing for threshold models and more commonly used specifications with multiplicative interaction terms give support to this nonlinearity hypothesis between public employment and private sector output. First version received: October 1996/Final version received: April 2000