Migrant remittances and financial inclusion among households in Nigeria

This article investigates the impact of remittances on financial inclusion, using the 2009 World Bank’s Migration and Remittances Household Survey data for Nigeria. An instrumental variable estimation technique was used to estimate the impact of remittances on financial inclusion, and migrant network effect was used as an instrument to control for potential endogeneity between remittance and financial inclusion. This article finds that the receipt of remittances increases the probability of using formal financial services, such as deposit accounts and Internet/mobile banking. This article concludes that reducing barriers and costs to remittance inflows can improve the access to and use of formal financial services in Nigeria, which can lead to an increase in funds for investments and the economic growth of the country.     

利率市场化改革如何影响了农村正规金融对非正规金融的替代性?

本文基于"技术内生效应"的视角研究了利率市场化改革对农村正规与非正规金融替代性的影响。本文指出利率市场化改革对农村正规金融利率调整的效应有三种,分别是直接名义收益效应、农户类型异质的借款人结构类型效应和正规金融机构解决信息不对称与监督问题的技术内生效应,这三种效应导致农村正规金融对非正规金融的替代呈倒"U"形关系。本文的实证研究表明利率市场化改革对正规与非正规金融替代性主要不是源于利率价格变动的名义收益效应,而是与信息不对称问题密切相关的借款人结构类型效应与技术内生效应。本文的政策含义在于,农村利率市场化改革要考虑普惠金融与金融精准扶贫的有效性,同时要考虑农村的信息不对称问题并做好激励机制设计。     

New institutional approach to collaborative forest planning on public land: Methods for analysis and lessons for policy

Collaborative planning has become an increasingly popular approach in environmental decision-making, particularly in situations where there are multiple actors with conflicting interests. In this paper, collaborative environmental planning is perceived as being embedded in an institutional environment that has an impact on the processes and outcomes of planning. Building on the theory of new institutionalism, the paper combines legal analysis of forest regulation with interviews and policy document data from two case studies on collaborative Natural Resource Planning in state-owned forests in Finland. These approaches will be used to analyse how formal regulations and informal norms are interpreted and implemented in the planning processes. The paper highlights the important role institutions can play in promoting or hindering successful collaborative planning, and makes recommendations for developing a forest governance system that is equipped to deal with the identified challenges.     

关于城市发展战略规划未来趋势的思考

以探索城市发展战略规划的发展趋势为目的，通过对城市发展起重要作用的总体规划、战略规划及近期建设规划在工作内容、编制特点、发挥的效用等方面进行比较，认为战略规划在区域层面上的优势不可替代，应上升为区域规划层次才能起到解决城市自身发展问题的作用；对战略规划提出完善措施。     

The elephant in the scheme: Planning for and around car parking in Melbourne, 1929–2016

A relatively recent body of literature has looked critically at the role of car parking in urban areas, showing that a significant determinant of the extent of parking space is the planning system. Of particular importance are statutory minimum off-street parking requirements for new developments. If parking and parking policies are significant to urban outcomes, one question that follows is − how active a role (if any) has strategic urban planning had in car parking? In this paper we ask if, and in what ways, car parking has been a stated strategic planning interest over the course of nearly a century of planning for one city − Melbourne, Australia. Our approach has three parts: a content analysis of strategic planning documents over time; a corresponding analysis of statutory policies on the ground; and reflection on what this means for the relationships between strategy and policy.We find that extensive car parking, treated as a public good, was once specifically planned as a critical component of facilitating a car-based city. We show that car parking has receded as a strategic policy issue over time, but that statutory minimum parking requirements introduced in the 1950s continue to be entrenched. Even with more recent strategic plans seeking to curtail car use and increase urban densities, minimum parking policies originally introduced to achieve the opposite effects have remained largely intact. We argue that parking has a significant role in urban form but is, in our case study city, illustrative of gaps between strategic and statutory planning, and between planning practice and research. Whereas post-war planning instigated policy approaches to car parking as a means of planning for car use, strategic planning in Melbourne now plans around parking − the elephant in the scheme. The findings have implications for other intensifying cities with a history of minimum parking policies; as well as for cities now undergoing rapid motorisation.     

金融危机影响下城市产业集聚区发展的思考

金融危机对城市经济的发展造成了巨大的冲击和影响,产业集聚区的发展在优化经济结构、转变发展方式、实现节约集约发展方面发挥了重要作用。通过分析国内产业集聚区发展过程中存在的问题,提出切实提高规划的科学性,突出产业集群效应,选好产业支撑,把好项目入驻门槛,建设高素质的企业家队伍和健全管理体制等是金融危机影响下产业集聚区科学发展的路径选择。     

Local Government,Spatial Spillovers and the Absorption of EU Structural Funds

The allocation of regional policy funds varies dramatically across regions even when one controls for regional development indicators. We investigate the impact of local government performance as well as spillovers in knowledge, financial means and social relations as determinants of regional fund absorption. Government performance is derived within a Data Envelopment Analysis approach. Spillovers are investigated using a spatial Durbin model. Results show that government performance has a positive impact on fund absorption. Spillovers occur in knowledge as well as in financial means. The empirical analyses focus on Special Accession Program for Agriculture and Rural Development in Slovakia using panel data.     

Fragmentation and Embeddedness: An Alternative Approach to the Analysis of Rural Financial Markets

Political economy approaches to analysing the efficiency of rural financial markets have focused on the role of power and social relations. Neo-classical institutional economics, on the other hand, has used information and transaction costs to explain performance. Recognizing the limitations of both approaches, this paper presents an alternative that focuses on the institutional form of financial intermediaries, that is, the governance structure of rules, monitoring and enforcement mechanisms that enable them to operate. This structure is supported by both formal and informal rules, norms and sanctions. As a result, the ways in which transaction costs are affected by governance structures can be identified and the embeddedness of financial intermediaries in social relations can be theorized. The application of this approach in Central Kenya demonstrates the insights that it offers into explaining borrower preferences in the financial market.     

Multi-period stochastic optimization of a sustainable multi-feedstock second generation bioethanol supply chain − A logistic case study in Midwestern United States

This work proposes a multi-objective optimization model to design a sustainable multi-period second generation biomass-to-bioethanol supply chain under multiple uncertainties. The objective is to simultaneously maximize the economic, environmental, and social performance. The strategic decisions such as land allocation for switchgrass cultivation, biorefinery locations and capacities, and the biomass-to-bioethanol conversion pathway are determined for each planning period which are staggered across the entire planning horizon. The augmented ε–constraint method is used to trade-off among the competing objectives and to obtain feasible solutions that achieve desired levels of sustainability. In order to solve the proposed stochastic optimization model efficiently and effectively, this work proposes a solution approach involving sequential application of a modified Sample Average Approximation method and Benders decomposition. A case study is presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed mathematical model and its impact on land usage and sustainability.     

Measuring financial performance on dairy farms

The motivation for this paper was to improve the information provided by the extension service for dairy farming. Databases as the Norwegian Dairy Financial Recording (NDFR) are commonly used for comparative analysis of farms. In the present paper, the problems related to these comparisons are discussed. Four different measures of financial performance are presented. The measures are; the gross margin, extended gross margin, and two different efficiency indexes based on use of data envelopment analysis (DEA). All four measures have advantages and disadvantages. The two gross margins are suitable for ranking farms when evaluating the impact of operative management variables, e.g., disease and miscellaneous welfare enhancing inputs on performance. However, efficiency indexes, which are estimated as ratios of actual and maximum output, given inputs, are more suitable when evaluating the impact of strategic management variables, e.g., concentrate or roughage per litre milk produced on performance.     

论地勘单位的中期发展规划

中期发展规划是一个单位对现状进行战略审视和对未来进行战略决策的体现,具有长远性、战略性、前瞻性和框架性的属性,对一个单位的持续发展具有重大指导意义。文章结合地勘单位的特点,对地勘单位编制中期发展规划的意义、原则、内容和程序进行了阐述。     

林业上市公司股权结构对经营绩效影响的实证分析

运用因子分析法求得12家林业上市公司的综合经营绩效得分,对11个原始财务绩效指标进行了处理,在此基础上,进一步运用多元线性回归模型的分析方法研究了林业上市公司股权结构对经营绩效的影响方向和影响力度。得出如下结论:股权集中程度对经营绩效存在显著的正向影响,国有股比例与经营绩效之间呈现显著的负相关关系。基于研究提出建立大股东股权制衡的股权集中度结构;适度地降低国有股比重等对策建议。     

省级主体功能区规划实施评价

主体功能区规划是指导国土空间开发的宏观和战略性规划。随着规划进入实施阶段,实施评价研究亟待展开。以省级主体功能区规划为对象设计了总体框架,探讨了结果—过程评价相结合的规划实施评价指标设计思路,分别从规划目标实现程度、分区功能落实情况、规划实施保障机制和规划社会影响评价4个方面,选择31个具有代表性的指标确定了规划实施评价的指标体系,并对主体功能区规划实施评价指标权重确定、指标标准化、评价方法等进行了探讨。     

关于及早谋划战略性新兴矿产发展的思考与建议

从世界经济格局、中国经济社会发展趋势、人类社会发展史方面看,战略性新兴矿产都具有关键性、战略性作用。根据已有专家学者的研究成果和国外的有关表述结合我国实际,建议将支撑战略性新兴产业所需的重要矿产资源简称为“战略性新兴矿产”,其定义应由相应法规或国家规划确定。战略性新兴矿产名录应该是动态可变的。要对战略性新兴矿产勘查开发作出战略性、政策性谋划,将其列入国家战略,健全相应法规,统一规划,开展战略调查评价;把新能源勘查开发利用提到更高的战略高度;适时调整对钨、锡、锑、稀土、石墨、锂、萤石等重要矿产管理思路和调控政策;加强基础理论研究和技术攻关;实施“走出去”战略。     

重要矿产资源战略接续区规划体系构建

随着我国矿产资源供需矛盾的加大,增强矿产资源后备保障能力．建设重要矿产资源战略接续区,逐渐成为我国矿政管理的重要诉求。在新一轮矿产资源规划中构建重要矿产资源战略接续区规划体系,对保障我国矿产资源供应安全意义重大。重要矿产资源战略接续区是从国家的宏观需求和发展战略出发,保障大宗短缺矿产资源持续供应的地区。其特点是具备良好的资源禀赋条件和特定的时空范畴。主要矿产资源战略接续区规模体系按行政区域可分为国家级、省（市、区）、市级和县级规划;按规划对象和功能可分为总体规划、专项规划和区域规划,其特征是整体性、层次性和开放性。规划程序包括明确规划目标、资料收集准备、区域条件分析、规划编制、保障措施制定、规划实施、规划实施评价等步骤。其基本内容包括国家级战略接续区规划的内容。     

Urban green infrastructure in Europe: Is greenspace planning and policy compliant?

Urban green infrastructure (UGI) planning, based on certain principles, has emerged as a way to conceptualise connected greenspace in urbanised environments. This is achieved through the application of processes and approaches linked to policy themes to which the concept can significantly contribute. Taken together the processes, approaches and policy themes constitute the principles of UGI, which when adopted can promote, maintain and enhance quality of life in resource-efficient, compact and climate-resilient cities. In this study we explore the extent to which strategic greenspace planning in Europe is UGI compliant, as we hypothesised that the above principles are presently under-represented in planning documents and policies. This was accomplished by conducting a comparative analysis of the adoption of UGI principles in current practices of greenspace planning across European city-regions based on a systematic review of previous data and reports. The study found that many UGI principles and related concepts are present to some degree in strategic greenspace planning in Europe. However, gaps exist with regard to their scope and level of consideration. Presently, conservation emerges as the predominant task in strategic urban greenspace planning. However, enhancing network connectivity is key to the development of UGI, hence a greater focus on the restoration and creation of greenspace is required in the future. Based on our analysis it can be concluded that the advancement towards UGI planning is well established and progressing, although some areas are markedly under-represented. Strategic greenspace planning in Europe, with a few exceptions, requires further development to be effectively considered as UGI compliant.     

企业战略管理财务信息支撑研究

在界定企业战略管理财务支撑内涵的基础上,提出财务支撑应用体系框架,分析财务信息对战略管理支撑的机理。认为企业应建立ERP（企业资源计划系统）管理平台,通过企业财务信息的采集形成支撑基础;通过企业财务信息的转化提高支撑的强度;通过企业财务信息的披露实现支撑效果的外化。     

A decision support system for strategic planning on pig farms

This paper reported on a decision support system (DSS) for strategic planning on pig farms. The DSS was based on a stochastic simulation model of investment decisions (ISM). ISM described a farm with one loan and one building using 23 variables. The simulation model calculated the results of a strategic plan for an individual pig farm over a time horizon of a maximum of 20 years for a given scenario. For six distinct replacement strategies, regression metamodels were specified to describe the outcome of the response variable as a function of the farm variables. The regression results indicated that a linear function with only nine or ten farm variables gave a reasonable estimate of the results of the simulation model. Turnover ratio, feed conversion ratio, percentage of meat, farm size, family expenses, and experience were the main parameters determining future relative farm position. For farms with high levels of family expenditures and/or financial leverage an economic replacement strategy was optimal. Risk attitudes played a minor role in the choice of the optimal strategy, because one strategy was preferred to another regardless of risk preference. To analyze the attractiveness of a chosen strategic plan for different ‘what-if’ scenarios, the visual method using graphical representations offered sufficient information. The number of years ahead for which the decision maker evaluated the consequences of simulated strategic plans influenced which strategy was preferred.     

Urban containment strategies: A case-study appraisal of plans and policies in Japanese, British, and Canadian cities

This paper presents a comparative assessment of the nature and impact of urban containment policies in three countries, through examination of strategic plans for six case-study cities. Recent development patterns and current planning policies are mapped and assessed, and compared to a conceptual model of strategic options for urban containment. Emphasis is on rationales for containment, locational attributes of areas where development is encouraged or curtailed, the overall supply of developable land, and policies relating to development densities.The case studies demonstrate more stringent control on the location, timing, and density of development in Britain and Japan, with shorter time horizons and tighter development boundaries than in Canada. The Canadian cities, however, are moving towards higher densities, to enable transit-oriented development.     

基于农业可持续发展的湖南省乡村规划影响因素分析

[目的]文章从乡村规划的角度出发,以乡村振兴战略规划为指导,从农业可持续发展的角度探寻乡村规划的影响因素,以期对湖南省乡村阶段性规划提供合理的参考建议。[方法]运用DEMATE方法对湖南省乡村规划影响因素进行定性识别,并利用熵权法对湖南省乡村规划影响因素系统进行定量评价。[结果](1)城镇化率对乡村规划的影响度最大,其在所有因素中影响度和被影响度均最大,其次为第三产业从业人员、农业财政支出、规模农业经营。(2)结合中心度与原因度的分析对湖南省乡村规划重要影响因子进行识别,其中,城镇化率、农业财政支出、规模农业经营、第三产业从业人员、节水灌溉面积共5个因素为湖南省乡村规划实施的重要影响因素。[结论](1)经济因素是农业可持续发展背景下乡村规划的主导因素,以休闲农业产值、规模农业经营和农业财政支出构成乡村规划实施的关键因素,提升经济效益对湖南省乡村规划建设具有重要的推动作用。(2)从结果因素来看,贫困发生率、休闲农业产值、城乡居民人均收入比受农业生产方式、城乡资源分配和产业融合的影响较大,充分掌握重要影响因素之间的相互关系是巩固湖南省乡村规划结果因素效益的关键。(3)人口因素和社会因素是湖南省乡村规划实施的制约因素,加快推进湖南省科技兴农、特色强农、质量强农、开放强农建设成为其提高农业可持续发展能力和乡村规划实施的关键。