机构投资者对关联担保抑制效应的实证研究

基于近代公司治理理论的＂利益侵占假说＂,大股东可能通过上市公司的关联担保进行＂隧道挖掘＂,侵占中小股东的利益。近年来,中国证券市场上,作为公司治理的可能参与者,机构投资者发展迅猛。在资本市场的发展获得了新的契机之下,机构投资者有能力、有动力抑制大股东的挖掘行为。选取2008年沪深两市A股的183个样本,采用二元Logistic回归模型,研究发现,机构投资者持股比例与上市公司关联担保显著负相关,说明机构投资者对关联担保存在抑制效应。同时,我们发现,绝对控股股东持股比例与上市公司关联担保显著负相关。即绝对控股股东持股比例越高,绝对控股股东越不倾向于采用关联担保方式进行＂隧道挖掘＂。     

北极渔业治理的研究综述

气候变暖下的北极渔业逐渐引起国际关注,而技术进步使人类进入北极成为可能,发展北极渔业成为缓解全球海洋渔业资源危机的可行方式。北极拥有丰富的渔业资源,但北极的生态环境极为脆弱,如何有序发展北极渔业、实现北极渔业的有效治理是当前国际社会议论的热点。运用文献综述法,对北极渔业资源相关研究进行归纳,从现有法律制度、管理组织、影响北极渔业治理的主要因素方面总结出北极的渔业治理与一般海洋渔业治理的不同之处,并对未来北极可行的渔业治理模式进行展望。     

Dissertation abstract: The experimental analysis of the political economics of fisheries governance

This dissertation focuses on the political economy of fisheries governance. The study develops a formal model of fisheries governance by combining the features of the common pool fishery and the political institution of lobbying; designs a laboratory fishery governance institution and conducts economic experiments to test the hypotheses derived from the formal model. Specifically, the study analyzes how fishing firms invest in efforts to influence fishery regulation and management through voluntary contribution lobbying. The study also analyses and compares contribution and effort behavior in the lobbying and the CPR using data from economic experiments. The results indicate that lobbying to change suboptimal fishery regulations was significantly below the subgame perfect equilibrium prediction and contributions to raise the cap were significantly different than contributions to lower the cap toward the social optimum. Study results show that subjects successfully lobbied to raise inefficiently low fishing quotas, but were unable to lobby to reduce inefficiently high fishing quotas. Detailed analysis of subjects’ contribution and effort behavior suggest that despite the interesting benefit-cost duality between pure public goods and CPRs, the pattern of cooperative behavior in these two social dilemma situations was different and the level of cooperation in the voluntary contribution lobbying experiment was lower than those reported in other public goods experiments. To provide external validity to these experimental findings, the study further analyzes and compares lobbying expenditures in the fishery sector with those in other natural resource industries using field data from the United States. A comparison of actual lobbying expenditures as percentage of valued added shows that lobbying effort in the U.S fishery sector is not significantly different than those in other natural resource industries such as mining and electric utility industries, but the pattern of lobbying is different. Whereas fishing firms lobby through associations or pressure groups, firms in other natural resource industries lobby unilaterally. This observation suggests that differences in industrial structure and incentives influence the pattern of lobbying and the lobbying behavior of firms across industries. The theoretical predictions derived from the formal model of fisheries governance are consistent with our experimental findings and with the field data on lobbying in the US fisheries sector. These findings suggest that heterogeneity drives rent-seeking activities in the US fisheries sector and that fishing firms attempt to circumvent political collective action problems by forming and lobbying through associations of stakeholders with relatively homogenous policy preferences. JEL Classification D22, D72, D78, H41 Advisor: Prof. Jon G. Sutinen     

Assessing fishers' empowerment in inland openwater fisheries in Bangladesh

The Community Based Fisheries Management (CBFM) approach has made a significant contribution towards improvement of fishers' empowerment of inland openwater fisheries in Bangladesh aiming to manage their resources efficiently. This arrangement introduced CBFM approaches named fisher-led, community-led and women-led approach. A wider range of local institutional arrangements as community based organizations (CBOs) have been established through participatory process with legal entity. Now, the CBOs as local institutions and fishers are more empowered in participation of fishery management under co-management arrangement. The study reveals that there is still lack of institutional arrangement to be achieved at optimum level. This paper presents and assesses the empowerment status of the fisher communities in inland openwater fisheries under co-management arrangement in Bangladesh through Factor analysis and regression model. This study might have policy implication to replicate the community based fishery management approach to promote empowerment for better management.     

Genetic distance and cognitive human capital: a cross-national investigation

This paper explores the correlates of the intelligence quotient and cognitive ability by focusing on genetic distance to frontier nations. The results based on cross-sectional data from 167 countries suggest that genetic distance to global frontiers has a negative relationship with the employed human capital variables. Countries that are genetically far from leading nations tend to have lower levels of human capital with the negative correlation to the USA frontier averagely higher relative to the UK frontier. The sign is consistent and survives the control of macroeconomic, geographic, institutional and other covariates. Policy implications are discussed.     

Commons and cooperatives: A new governance of collective action

The Social and Solidarity Economy (SSE) is emerging as a social movement capable of moving society beyond the imbalances of the capitalist market economy and its top‐down regulation by the state. But the SSE's progress has been slow while unresolved challenges (e.g., climate, inequality) continue to intensify. Among communitarian responses to these challenges, the commons have shown great potential as a shared governance mechanism for the responsible management of common‐pool resources. To the extent that this success encourages broader applicability for commons, we focus also on commoning as crucial social practice rooted in collective action and adaptive governance. Adding this dimension of activism opens the possibility of enriching the SSE both in theory and practice for the purpose of strengthening its institutional make‐up, in particular cooperatives occupying a central position in SSE. Commoning enables us to conceive of tangible connections between commons and cooperatives as complementary modes of anti‐capitalist organization. We can illustrate this complementarity by analyzing how Ostrom's “design principles” for commons can help strengthen the ICA's Cooperative Principles. Useful lessons can be learned from concrete examples of commons–cooperative alliances, such as Ecuador's Buen Vivir initiative, the Enercoop PACA project in France, and Oakland's OmniCommons space.     

The governance of privatized firms: authority,reposnisbility and disclosure1

In any market economy, a fundamental question is how to make management accountable to shareholders and also to the requirements of law. This paper raises selective, critical issues of corporate governance that are particularly relevant to problems of the accountability of boards of directors to their shareholders in transition economies. These issues include the separation of ownership and control and the duties of directors; the need for disclosure given that separation; and the corporate charter as a vehicle for the direct participation of shareholders in governance. The paper suggests that one of the best models of corporate governance that transition economies can use is that employed by the leveraged-buyout (LBO) and venture capital funds operating in the West. It argues that weaknesses in corporate governance may undermine the entire privatization process. Economics and law are too often seen as separate disciplines. In reality, they come together in transition economies perhaps with greater impact than elsewhere.     

我国独立董事制度存在的问题及对策研究

一段时间以来,连续出现的财务欺诈及违规的关联交易现象,侵害了中小股东的权益,在一定程度上引发了投资者对上市公司诚信问题的恐慌,建立健全独立董事制度,对于维护广大投资者的合法权益具有十分重要的意义。但是我国目前在上市公司实行的独立董事制度的总体效果还不十分理想,还存在一定的缺陷。找到有针对性的对策,完善独立董事制度时于促进上市公司治理的规范,监督上市公司和大股东,保护中小股东的合法权益。以及促进资本市场有序健康发展都具有现实意义。     

企业社会资本:理论与实证研究述评

大量研究表明,社会资本是企业重要的战略资源和有效的治理机制,因而企业社会资本理论成为当前经济学和管理学研究的前沿领域之一。本文在已有文献的基础上,对企业社会资本的概念界定、分析维度和测量方法方面的研究进行了归纳;并从公司治理、融资行为、技术创新和企业家4个方面,对现有关于企业社会资本与企业绩效之间关系的实证研究进行了梳理。最后,就企业社会资本理论的发展现状和趋势进行了简要总结。     

资本结构和公司治理关联性分析

金融的市场化导致金融理论发生了根本性的变化。资本市场理论成为现代金融理论最重要的组成部分。在中国资本市场处在发展的关键阶段,研究上市公司的资本结构与公司治理不仅具有重要的理论价值,也具有很强的现实意义。在中国现有的资本市场架构下,影响上市公司资本结构的因素很多。归纳起来,首先是制度性因素,包括股权结构、股东结构、激励机制等。其次是非制度因素,包括行业的周期性及其市场竞争程度、控制权市场和债券人市场的形成等。     

Insider trading legislation and corporate governance

This paper analyzes the impact of insider trading legislation on corporate governance. In a context where large, dominant shareholders can monitor underperforming companies, managers have an incentive to give early warnings about adverse developments to dominant shareholders. This information is effectively a bribe to induce dominant shareholders to sell their stock and refrain from intervention. If insider trading is unregulated, dominant shareholders collude with management at the expense of small shareholders. The optimal regime forces the company to disclose all material information to the market. Private contracting between companies and shareholders leads to optimal insider trading regulation only if initial shareholders can enter a binding commitment, otherwise large shareholders and managers recontract at the expense of small shareholders. Enforcement also matters. European Union legislation requires inside information to be precise. Such a narrow definition creates a grey zone, where information is private but cannot be classified as inside information. As a result the effectiveness of corporate governance and firm value are reduced. Regulation in the US that treats shareholders with a stake exceeding 10% as insiders is potentially harmful.     

Large lending and banks performance. Is there any relationship? Empirical evidence from US banks

Large lending in the banking industry has sparked concerns about banks’ efficiency performance, particularly, if it is related to their credit risk, as trade credit, provided by large, creditworthy firms. We provide evidence of a rather neglected issue regarding the impact of large lending on banks’ efficiency using cost and profit stochastic functions. A unique dataset was constructed concerning all US banks collected from the Statistics on Depository Institutions report compiled by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. Our sample contains US banks tracked yearly for the period 2010–2017, creating an unbalanced panel of year observations. An econometric framework based on nested non-neutral frontiers was developed to estimate the influence and the decomposition of large lending on the three banks’ performance aspects. Moreover, different types of frontiers aiming at the cost and profit sides have been investigated, and the associated elasticities have been calculated. We notice that large lending plays a crucial role in banks’ technical efficiency. Variations among different frontier models, type of bank and size, banks’ ownership structure, and macroeconomic conditions appear to be present. By considering all capital adequacy asset quality management earnings liquidity parameters, we notice that banks’ financial strength affects banks’ efficiency.     

Collective management of residential housing in Russia: The importance of being social

Homeowners associations (HOAs) implement collective management in residential housing. We assess the performance of such associations in Russia by using the stochastic frontier technique. Cultural traits enabling tenants to make proper use of the HOA decision-making procedures are essential for resolving the collective action problem and ensure accountability of governing bodies and outside contractors. Such “technical civic competence” has a stronger impact on HOA performance than more conventional forms of social capital which rise in their significance when HOA governance breaks down and informal grassroots alternatives are mobilized instead. Massive and indiscriminate “supply-led” introduction of collective management in residential housing without matching cultural and institutional prerequisites could be counterproductive. Flexibility, freedom of choice, and market development are required to avert the failures of HOAs commonly observed in Russia.     

Italian corporate governance:: Effects on financial structure and firm performance

The Italian model of corporate governance is characterised by a high degree of ownership concentration, both for unlisted and listed companies. In the absence of an institutional framework facilitating more dispersed ownership, as in the Anglo-Saxon countries, or mechanisms for financial supervision, as in some Continental European countries, a limited degree of separation between ownership and control is achieved mainly by using pyramidal groups. We analyse some of the effects of this organisational mode on firms' financial structure and efficiency. We report results on the effects of the limited protection of minority shareholders on the extent to which companies in pyramidal groups succeed in raising external finance and investigate how internal capital markets work in pyramidal groups. We also present some results on the relationship between firms' performance and governance structures.     

投资者保护视角下治理环境与股改对价之间的关系研究

分别使用市场化指数和政府有效性指数作为治理环境的替代变量,在投资者保护的分析框架下,本文讨论了治理环境在股改对价和送出率确定过程中的作用。我们发现,上市公司所处地区的治理环境越好,对价越低;同时,机构投资者持股比例与对价之间呈负相关关系,然而这种关系只在治理环境差的子样本中显著。总之,较好的治理环境会使上市公司产生"公司治理溢价",从而明显降低股权分置改革的成本,并可以显著缓解机构投资者和非流通股股东"合谋"侵害中小投资者利益等代理问题的发生。     

市域知性管理对城市可持续发展的影响

在新时代,加强与创新市域社会治理是中国城市实现可持续发展的关键。首先,将企业层面的知性管理理论引入城市治理,提出市域知性管理理念,构建市域知识资本与性格特质评价体系以及耦合协调度测量模型,以中国内地30个省会城市或直辖市为对象,实施知识资本与性格特质评价及耦合协调度实证测量;然后,采用线性回归、岭回归分析模型与Sobel检验程序,测量市域知性管理与可持续发展关系,证实知识资本、性格特质及其耦合协调关系对城市可持续发展能力的积极影响;最后,从市域知性管理视角提出促进城市可持续发展的对策建议。     

中国证券市场机构投资者与上市公司盈余管理关联性的研究

本研究从中国证券市场机构投资者与上市公司盈余管理之间关系这一视角出发,来说明机构投资者在公司治理中的作用,通过对相关理论的归纳和分析,构建了研究假设,在此基础上,利用中国上市公司数据,设计实证模型,对研究假设进行了论证.研究发现了在中国证券市场当机构投资者持股比例高时抑制盈余管理,机构持股比例低时加剧盈余管理,即倒U型的关系。研究应用截面数据分析、面板数据分析、单变量分析等方法,从2005年和2007年的数据验证出倒U型的拐点在机构持股6%,说明机构持股6%以后,在公司治理中发挥了抑制操纵盈余的盈余管理的积极作用。利用2004～2007年的数据,进一步的研究发现,随着近年机构投资者的发展和国家的政策导向,机构投资者对盈余管理的抑制作用越来越强,在公司治理中越来越显示出重要的作用。     

General Equilibrium Tragedy of the Commons

Many poor economies depend on open access resources for their livelihoods. Households in resource-based economies allocate their time and other factors between resource extraction and other activities. As a result, factors may shift from one sector to another as marginal returns change. This has two important implications. First, it implies potentially strong linkages between resource and non-resource sectors. Second, it means that unmanaged resources cause inefficient allocations of inputs across all sectors, and the effects of resource management spill into other sectors. We construct a local general equilibrium model that accounts for inputs that over-allocate to an open access resource and create a general equilibrium tragedy of the commons. This model describes resource rent dissipation more adequately in economies with mobile factors than a model with slowly dissipating rents. Perfectly mobile factors dissipate rent in every period, but endogenous wages cause labor and capital allocations to change with the resource stock. We use the model to illustrate medium-run impacts of a limit on capital in an artisanal fishery in Honduras. Simulation results reveal that fishery management has economy-wide impacts on prices and wages. Managers in developing countries thus should consider these linkages when implementing policies to conserve fish stocks.     

机构投资者与公司治理

在研究公司治理时 ,机构投资者的作用越来越受到重视。本文通过建立一个简单的模型 ,分析了机构投资者参与公司治理的动机与影响因素。结论表明 ,机构投资者持有公司的股权比例、监督成本以及对公司价值的改善状况等因素的变动影响着机构投资者进行监督的临界值 ,影响着机构投资者在短期投资与长期投资之间的选择 ,并对资本市场稳定产生一定的影响。     

投资者关系管理对资本市场可见度的影响

本文以深圳证券交易所2005年上市公司为研究对象,分析影响资本市场可见度的公司结构性特征和制度性特征两类因素,考察投资者关系管理对这两类因素可见度效应的调节作用,研究发现上市公司投资者关系管理水平对公司的市场价值特征和股权结构、董事会等制度性特征的调节作用明显,可以显著提高资本市场可见度。上市公司应重视投资者关系管理等自主性治理活动的开展。