浅析大型超市的卖场布局和商品陈列设计科学化——以福建某大型本土超市为例

在现代大型超市运营中,合理的商场布局及商品陈列能够有效地提高消费者的购买意愿,提高零售业绩,文中试以福建某大型本土超市为例,论述超市商品科学化陈列的重要性,分析大型超市合理安排商场布局,科学设计商品陈列的方式方法。     

Employee attitudes,customer satisfaction,and sales performance: assessing the linkages in US grocery stores

Using store‐level panel data for a major supermarket company, we investigate the linkages between employee attitudes, customer satisfaction, and sales performance, while controlling for observed and unobserved differences across stores. We find that employee attitudes positively affect customer satisfaction with service but do not affect customer satisfaction with quality or value. Additionally, we find that customer satisfaction with service positively affects sales performance. Our results suggest that employee attitudes affect sales performance through their impact on customer service. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Sales by multi‐product retailers

This paper examines the rationale underlying periodic price promotions, or sales, for perishable food products by supermarket retailers. Whereas previous studies explain sales in a single‐product context as arising from informational, storage cost, or demand heterogeneity, this study focuses on the central role of retailers as multi‐product sellers of complementary goods. By offering a larger number of discounted products within a particular category, retailers are able to attract a sufficient number of customers to offset the effect of lower margins on sale items by selling more high‐margin items. The implications that emerge from the resulting mixed‐strategy equilibrium are tested in a product‐level, retail‐scanner data set of fresh fruit sales. Hypotheses regarding the rationale and effectiveness of sales are tested by estimating econometric models that describe (1) the number of sales items per store, (2) the depth of a given sale, and (3) promotion effectiveness on store‐level demand. The results of this econometric analysis support the hypothesis that the breadth and depth of price promotions are complementary marketing tools, thus explaining how EDLP and HI‐LO store formats can exist in the same monopolistically competitive market equilibrium. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

连锁超市顾客保留策略分析

连锁超市起源于美国,20世纪50年代以后才进入快速发展时期。我国的连锁超市起步较晚,目前还存在一些问题。本文将顾客保留策略引入到连锁超市企业,可以从根本上改善连锁超市企业的经营现状,通过帮助连锁超市准确细分客户市场、充分把握目标客户的需求、开展针对性营销,挖掘目标客户的潜在价值,提高目标客户的满意度和忠诚度,最终增加连锁超市的收益,实现连锁超市的长期发展。     

Wal-Mart and the geography of grocery retailing

This paper empirically examines the impact of entry by Wal-Mart on competition in the supermarket industry. Using a detailed panel dataset spanning 1994–2006, we estimate the impact of Wal-Mart on firm outcomes and market structure, controlling for persistent local trends and systematic differences across markets by exploiting the detailed spatial structure of our store-level census. We find that Wal-Mart’s impact is highly localized, affecting firms only within a tight, two-mile radius of its location. Within this radius, the bulk of the impact falls on declining firms and mostly on the intensive margin. Entry of new firms is essentially unaffected. Moreover, the stores most damaged by Wal-Mart’s entry are the outlets of larger chains. This suggests that Wal-Mart’s expansion into groceries is quite distinct from its earlier experience in the discount industry, where the primary casualties were small chains and sole proprietorships that were forced to exit the market. This contrast sheds light on the role density economies play in shaping both equilibrium market structure and economic geography. In the case of grocery competition, high travel costs and the perishable nature of groceries appear to impart horizontal differentiation between firms. This differentiation in demand appears to reduce impact of scale economies advantages that Wal-Mart exploited to the detriment of far-flung competitors in the discount store industry.     

外国超市投资中国市场的财务风险分析与管理

本文针对投资中国市场的外国超市在中国市场可能面临的主要财务风险结合中国的宏观经济环境进行了分析,着重分析了除所有投资都要面临的一般财务风险外,作为进入中国市场的外国超市,还将面临的由于不同的经济环境而产生的汇率风险、利率风险、价格制定风险和通货膨胀风险,并针对这四种风险提出了相应的解决措施。     

城市共同配送影响因素调查分析

2011年底,对连锁超级市场的供应商配送模式进行了调查,结果表明许多大型连锁超市都选择了供应商直供模式来为自己服务。这种供货模式产生了大量的不必要运输,大大降低了物流企业的配送效率。调查中随机抽取了一家大型连锁超市,并计算了一天内进行配货作业的所有车辆,查询了配送安排,并对"共同配送"的使用情况进行了相关调差。     

探析我国农村连锁超市的物流配送

连锁经营配送已成为一种现代的流通经营方式和组织形式,也是现代经济发展新的增长点。然而农村连锁经营配送是一个相对于城市物流的概念,它服务于农业生产和农村居民生活的需要。我国农村连锁超市的配送市场才刚刚起步,连锁超市的配送在拓展农村市场中还不完善,仍存在很多的问题。文章针对当前农村连锁超市配送市场中存在的几个主要问题进行了分析,并探讨几条解决问题的途径。     

农村连锁超市物流策略研究

超市作为当今发展最迅速的连锁经营业态,代表着流通领域的先进生产力,已成为我国流通领域新的经济增长点。我国连锁超市在农村拓展才刚刚起步,连锁超市在拓展农村市场中不免存在很多问题。针对我国农村连锁超市发展的现状,关于物流方面问题是其发展初期的主要瓶颈。文中针对当前连锁超市在农村市场拓展,物流方面存在的问题进行了分析,从而为连锁超市在制定合理的物流策略方面提出了更多的选择余地。     

大学校园设立快递超市的可行性分析研究＊--以南京高校为例

校园快递超市是近年来兴起的一种校园快递的新模式,能够有效的解决校园快递“最后一公里”问题。以南京高校快递市场为研究对象,通过实地调研,对大学校园设立快递超市的可行性进行了系统分析,希望对在高校设立快递超市提供一定的借鉴和参考。     

The Evolving Food Chain: Competitive Effects of Wal-Mart's Entry into the Supermarket Industry

We analyze the effect of Wal-Mart's entry into the grocery market using a unique store-level price panel data set. We use ordinary least squares and two instrumental-variables specifications to estimate the effect of Wal-Mart's entry on competitors' prices of 24 grocery items across several categories. Wal-Mart's price advantage over competitors for these products averages approximately 10%. On average, competitors' response to entry by a Wal-Mart Supercenter is a price reduction of 1–1.2%, mostly due to smaller-scale competitors; the response of the "Big Three" supermarket chains (Albertson's, Safeway, and Kroger) is less than half that size. Low-end grocery stores, which compete more directly with Wal-Mart, cut their prices more than twice as much as higher-end stores. We confirm our results using a falsification exercise, in which we test for Wal-Mart's effect on prices of services that it does not provide, such as movie tickets and dry-cleaning services.     

武汉市居民的农产品购买行为探析——来自超市和农贸市场的实地调研

文中以在超市和农贸市场购买农产品的消费者为研究对象,通过在武汉市发放问卷,分析了武汉市消费者在超市和农贸市场不同的农产品购买行为,并针对超市农产品的购销提出了一些对策建议。     

Price adjustment at multiproduct retailers

We empirically study the price adjustment process at multiproduct retail stores. We use a unique store level data set for five large supermarket and one drugstore chains in the USA, to document the exact process required to change prices. Our data set allows us to study this process in great detail, describing the exact procedure, stages, and steps undertaken during the price change process. We also discuss various aspects of the microeconomic environment in which the price adjustment decisions are made, factors affecting the price adjustment decisions, and firm-level implications of price adjustment decisions. Specifically, we examine the effects of the complexity of the price change process on the stores' pricing strategy. We also study how the steps involved in the price change process, combined with the laws governing the retail price setting and adjustment, along with the competitive market structure of the retail grocery industry, influence the frequency of price changes. We also examine how the mistakes that occur in the price change process influence the actions taken by these multiproduct retailers. In particular, we study how these mistakes can make the stores vulnerable to civil law suits and penalties, and also damage their reputation. We also show how the mistakes can lead to stockouts or unwanted inventory accumulations. Finally, we discuss how retail stores try to minimize these negative effects of the price change mistakes. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A Poisson mixture model of discrete choice

In this paper, we introduce a new Poisson mixture model for count panel data where the underlying Poisson process intensity is determined endogenously by consumer latent utility maximization over a set of choice alternatives. This formulation accommodates the choice and count in a single random utility framework with desirable theoretical properties. Individual heterogeneity is introduced through a random coefficient scheme with a flexible semiparametric distribution. We deal with the analytical intractability of the resulting mixture by recasting the model as an embedding of infinite sequences of scaled moments of the mixing distribution, and newly derive their cumulant representations along with bounds on their rate of numerical convergence. We further develop an efficient recursive algorithm for fast evaluation of the model likelihood within a Bayesian Gibbs sampling scheme. We apply our model to a recent household panel of supermarket visit counts. We estimate the nonparametric density of three key variables of interest-price, driving distance, and their interaction-while controlling for a range of consumer demographic characteristics. We use this econometric framework to assess the opportunity cost of time and analyze the interaction between store choice, trip frequency, search intensity, and household and store characteristics. We also conduct a counterfactual welfare experiment and compute the compensating variation for a 10%-30% increase in Walmart prices.     

大型超市选址影响因素的实证研究——以杭州市为例

本文主要探讨大型超市选址的影响因素及其对经营绩效的作用,基于杭州市区31个超市调查数据和模型分析,实证研究了人口因素、竞争因素、交通因素、商圈因素和自身条件对超市选址及经营绩效的影响,主要发现超市服务人口数、购买力的人口因素对超市选址决策和经营绩效影响最大;公交资源、超市规模、集客源数量、商圈繁荣度对超市经营绩效有显著正相关。     

基于RFID技术的未来超市的构建方案

本文在介绍了射频识别技术的基础上,提出了构建未来超市的方案设想。描述了商品从供应商采购、进入超市仓库、货品上架、直到最终卖到消费者手中的整体流程,以及这个过程中RFID技术的商品跟踪识别定位功能的应用。突出强调了在实现未来超市计划以后,成本降低和顾客满意度的提高给零售业带来的巨大变革,同时也指出未来超市的实现还有一定的困难。     

Dynamics in a Mature Industry: Entry,Exit, and Growth of Big‐Box Grocery Retailers

This paper measures market dynamics within the U.S. grocery industry (defined as supermarket, supercenter, and club retailers). We find that despite being a mature industry, the grocery industry is remarkably dynamic. Each year retailers open or close roughly 7% of U.S. stores. We also find significant changes in the size of firms’ operations within markets over time. These changes in relative size are largely the result of expansion or contraction by incumbents rather than the result of firm entry or exit. In fact, entry and exit are quite rare, except by small firms. Moreover, only in small markets do new entrants gain substantial market share.     

基于SLP的超市区域布置调研及优化

系统布置设计（SLP）作为设施布置与设计的传统方法逐渐在服务系统得到应用,合理的平面布局设施是提高市场竞争力和服务质量的关键因素之一。针对超市的设施规划问题,以华润万家的某一层区域布置为例,在分析超市顾客流并结合实际调查问卷的基础上,运用系统布置设计（SLP）方法分析各作业单位之间的综合接近程度,得出各单位之间的位置相关图,提出超市规划布局优化方案,并对其进行评价。     

商店环境、购物价值与零售商品牌权益的关系研究

将消费者购物价值作为中间变量纳入商店环境与零售商品牌权益的关系模型中,并以超级市场为对象进行了实证分析,结果发现:设计因子和氛围因子只对享乐型价值有显著影响,社会因子对功利型和享乐型价值均有显著影响,其中,社会因子对购物价值的影响程度最大。同时,功利型和享乐型价值对零售商品牌资产的形成均有显著直接影响,但享乐型价值的影响程度更大。     

PROBING PARTIAL CHAINING UNDER SPATIAL COMPETITION IN VERTICAL MARKET STRUCTURE

This paper probes impacts of partial chaining upon the cost structures of not only the chained and independent distributors under spatial competition, but also the monopolistic producer who manages differentiated distribution channels for heterogeneous retailers simultaneously. We assume vertically related but decentralized markets in upstream and downstream stages. Upon chaining, market areas of each chained (independent) store increase (decrease), the related retail prices decline (rise) and profits increase (decrease). Chaining also tends to lower the wholesale prices for the chain stores generally. While aggregate consumer surplus increases, profit for the producer not even directly chained also increases. Social surplus increases with chaining at the expense, however , of not only the remaining independent stores and their customers, but also the chain store's own customers partly at the market periphery.