NCAA conference realignment and football game day attendance

Between the 2004 and 2005 football seasons, 17% of the college football programs competing in the NCAA's Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS) changed conference affiliation. Football represents nearly half of the revenue generated by athletic departments competing at the FBS level and is thus critical to their financial success. The objective of this study is to estimate the impact a change in conference affiliation has on football game day attendance. The results indicate teams that changed conferences enjoyed an increase in attendance even after controlling for the increase in quality of competition. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

College Football Attendance: A Panel Study of the Football Championship Subdivision

Panel data across 8 years for the Football Championship Subdivision are used to estimate regular season game‐day percent of capacity regression equations. Higher ticket prices reduce attendance (elasticity of ?1.9). Better team performance, in the short and intermediate terms, and traditional rivalries increase percent of capacity used. Poor weather and higher travel costs decrease it. Fan interest wanes as a season progresses, but this is offset as a team wins more games. Games played on Saturdays, played against conference opponents, or played by teams from the Football Bowl Subdivision increase stadium utilization. Results provide some evidence for the uncertainty of outcome hypothesis. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

How Do Outside Experts Evaluate Team Performance? An Empirical Analysis of Harris Poll Voting Behavior

How do outside experts evaluate different group performance? Using Harris Poll voter behavior for National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Football Bowl Subdivision teams under the previous Bowl Championship Series (BCS) system, we created a model of voter behavior and found that team performance and team quality affect voting behavior, but not equally. We further investigated these voting differences and found that Harris Poll voters view some conferences more favorably than others. Before drawing a conclusion of discrimination, we also investigated whether differing non-conference team performance was statistically different and found supporting evidence that different conferences perform at differing levels.     

陕西省高校足球联赛现状与思考

在当今足球运动风靡全世界的情况下,陕西省高校足球面临发展的良好机遇。群众基础较为广泛,但整体水平不高,竞赛制度不完善是当今陕西省高校足球的发展现状。借鉴CUBA,对陕西省大学生足球联赛进一步发展提出积极建议,使陕西省高校足球运动更好地发展。     

Bankruptcy behavior in the NFL: does the overtime structure change the strategy of the game?

Companies in financial distress have an incentive to take on high-risk/high-reward projects, known as ??bankruptcy behavior.?? This paper investigates the activity of bankruptcy behavior outside of the corporate setting by analyzing the effects of the overtime structure in the NFL relative to College Football. In overtime, the first team to score in the NFL wins. In college football, however, both teams in overtime get a chance to score and the winner is decided when one team outscores the other. This structure causes different strategies for the NFL teams approaching overtime relative to college football teams. Using the variance in scoring throughout the game, I find evidence that NFL teams take on more risk late in the game to avoid overtime, or act as if they have bankruptcy behavior.     

我国职业足球管理体制初探

文章分析了我国职业足球管理体制的现状,并找出其不足及问题。从我国的国情出发,提出了进一步完善我国职业足球管理体制的方法和途径:加强法制建设、转变政府职能、明晰中超职业足球联赛的产权、建立与市场经济体制相适应的职业足球联盟,综合开发我国职业足球市场。     

探讨足球运动员的抢截球意识

足球比赛是一项整体的对抗项目,需要运动员不但具备良好的身体素质和团队的紧密配合,更需要每个人都有过硬的技术本领,同时要求运动员具有优良的足球意识。文章通过对足球比赛中的抢截球技术结构和特点的分析,阐明了如何培养运动员具备抢截球意识并在比赛中合理的运用该技术,从而提高比赛的获胜几率。     

Stadium attendance and television audience demand in English league football

Demand studies of professional team sports have traditionally focused on stadium attendance; however, advances in broadcasting mean that teams generate revenue from stadium goers and broadcasters alike. Previous studies of demand have focused on stadium attendance and television audiences, but none have assessed the demand for match‐day attendances and demand by television audiences jointly. This study models match‐day attendances and television audiences using data from tier‐two of English league football. It shows that while televised matches depress stadium attendances, ceteris paribus, there is an important feedback in that larger stadium attendances have positive impacts on the size of television audiences. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A systematic approach for ranking football players within an integrated DEA‐OWA framework

The ranking of players has always been an important input for key decisions in the football industry. This paper introduces a systematic methodology for ranking football players through objective performance factors within a framework that integrates data envelopment analysis and ordered weighted averaging operators. Players from European Premier League Football clubs are selected and ranked under a decision setting that involves the players' desirable and undesirable performance factors alongside the attitude of the decision maker. The robustness of the proposed methodology is evaluated using different levels of optimism of the decision maker.     

青少年足球的训练与管理

足球这一运动在我国的发展也有几代人了,很多的运动员都为之奋斗终身,付出了很多辛勤的汗水,要搞好足球运动,青少年是一个很关键的人群,本文结合青少年运动员的身体特点还有年龄的发展阶段特性,介绍了青少年运动员在足球训练中基础环节,身体素质,协调能力等几方面的工作,提出了这几点在技术等方面存在的问题以及采取何种方法更适宜搞好训练工作。     

Voetbalprognoses

Football pools
A main point in the discussions of whether the Dutch football pools are in defiance of the law is the problem of skill in prediction. It is said that experts on football have a greater chance to win prices in the pool than other participants and in this respect the pool differs from a lottery. The author makes an analysis of the scores of the prognoses of football journalists, under the assumption that these journalists are experts in predicting the results of football matches. He finds that journalists, if participating, would never have won a price in a pool and that mechanically applied non-expert methods of forecasting yield predictions which are not much worse than the scores of the supposed experts.     

对高职高专类院校足球运动发展特征的研究

足球作为一项集体运动项目,可以丰富校园文化生活,带动学校体育发展。高校足球队通过参加竞技比赛,可以提高学校知名度,有助于学校品牌建设,培养学生的责任感,增强学校的凝聚力。本文根据高职高专类院校的特点,对其足球发展特征进行研究分析,从而进一步提出意见、建议。     

Incentives and revenue sharing in college football: Spreading the wealth or giving away the game?

The incentive mechanism literature is mostly theoretical since data limitations typically prohibit the testing of predictions. This paper offers an empirical study of the relationship between incentives and economic performance as applied to conference revenue sharing in college football. Revenue sharing acts as a disincentive to build a stronger team since the pecuniary rewards of team success are diminished if a team must share these rewards with conference opponents. This proposition is tested using data on team performance and revenue sharing rules in Division I-A college football. The results confirm the main theoretical proposition – conferences which share more, tend to be weaker.     

Beating the off-side trap: the case of the Professional Footballer's Association

Notwithstanding the crisis that has engulfed English football in the last decade the players’ union, the Professional Footballers’ Association, has improved the economic welfare of professional footballers. This article documents the activities of the PFA focusing on its cooperative relationship with the Football League following changes to the retain and transfer system in 1978.     

Team performance and managerial change in the English Football League

This paper investigates the relationship between team performance and managerial change in English football using a data set containing information on all match results and managerial job changes in the English Football League between 1972 and 1993. We find that poor recent form drives many managerial terminations, while managerial turnover is more rapid in the lower divisions.
Significantly, managerial change appears to have a harmful effect on team performance immediately following a managerial termination.     

Conventional arbitration in the professional footballers’ labour market: an assessment of the FLAC experience

This article describes the operations of the Football League Appeals Committee in determining ‘compensation’ fees for disputed transfers of ‘end of contract’ football players, and examines its settlements with respect to ‘case facts’ and ‘final offers’. The FLAC system has been generally viewed as fair in principle and its retention, in a post-Bosman regime, should ensure the continuation of an interesting context in which to examine arbitration behaviour.     

Technical efficiency with multi-output,heterogeneous production: a latent class,distance function model of english football

This study combines the output distance function approach with a latent class model to estimate technical efficiency in English football in the presence of productive heterogeneity within a stochastic frontier analysis framework. The distance function approach allows the researcher to estimate technical efficiency including both on-field and off-field production, which is important in the case of English football where clubs are generally thought to maximize something other than profit. On-field production is measured using total league points, and off-field production is measured using total revenue. The data set consists of 2177 club-level observations on 88 clubs that competed in the four divisions of professional football in England over the 29-season period from 1981/82 to 2009/10. The results show evidence of three separate productivity classes in English football. As might be expected, technical efficiency estimated using the latent class model is, on average, higher than technical efficiency using an alternative method which confines heterogeneity to the intercept coefficient. Specifically, average efficiency for the sample is 87.3 and 93.2% for the random-intercept model and the latent class model respectively.     

Performance evaluation of National Football League teams

Most recent empirical analyses of production in the sports economic literature have focused on Major League Baseball. This paper extends that literature by analysing football production in the National Football League (NFL). Using the Poisson regression model, we measure the performance of NFL teams and head coaches. The measure is based on a production process where player skills are converted into games won. The evidence reveals that quality coaching is an important component in the production process. It appears that efficient coaching can account for an additional three to four victories in a given season. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

我国运动训练专业人才培养现状及策略研究

随着我国体育经济的发展,社会对运动训练专业人才有了更大的需求。因此研究我国高校运动训练专业人才的培养现状是很有必要的。文章对我国高校的运动训练专业人才的培养现状进行了研究调查,分析了其中存在的问题,并对以后的发展策略提出了建设性的意见。     

Organizing College Athletes Utilizing the Civil Rights Unionism Model

In January 2014, Northwestern University (NU) football players filed a certification election petition with the National Labor Relations Board’s (NLRB) Chicago regional office. After the NLRB ruled that they were employees having the legal right to unionize, the football players voted at the end of April 2014 with NU immediately appealing the regional director’s ruling after the balloting. In mid-August 2015, the Washington D.C. NLRB declined jurisdiction in this case, ending the football players’ unionization attempt. Because of the NLRB’s appellate ruling, however, unionization of college athletes remains a distinct possibility. Since a majority of U.S. collegiate basketball and football players are black, this paper argues that the model of unionism that should be adopted in any unionization attempt of these college athletes is civil rights unionism which represents a continuation of the historic, collective struggle of Black athletes to obtain their rights on athletic fields and in classrooms.