模糊环境下双渠道供应链定价策略研究

本文为了研究制造商开通线上销售渠道对供应链成员的最优定价和最优期望利润的影响,特别制造商的成本和市场需求的不确定性用模糊变量来刻画。通过研究当制造商开通与没开通线上销售渠道在集中供应链和分散供应链的市场环境中的最优有定价和最优期望利润,最后横向比较在不同的市场环境下的最优定价和最优期望利润以及纵向比较在同种市场环境下,制造商开通线上销售渠道与否供应链最优定价和最优期望利润的影响。结果表明:在集中供应链的市场环境下,供应链的总期望利润较高,双渠道市场销售价格也较高。开通线上销售渠道,提高了整个销售价格,也提高了供应量成员的收益。     

考虑竞争优势差异的弱势制造商以旧换新定价策略研究

以旧换新需求(如手机)不仅受价格的影响，还受产品功能相似度的影响。研究了需求受产品功能相似度和价格影响下竞争优势处于弱势的制造商以旧换新定价决策问题。构建了两阶段以旧换新模型，给出了最优价格及其条件，并分析了竞争优势、产品功能相似度对制造商最优价格和最优利润的影响。研究表明：弱势制造商将产品功能设计得与强势制造商相似会带来价格的增加和蚕食效应，但并不总会获益；受竞争优势和设计成本的影响，弱势制造商设计功能相似产品对最优利润的影响存在不同的情景。     

零售商竞争环境下二级供应链协调机制探讨

本文研究由一个制造商和两个零售商组成的二级供应链,并且制造商占主导地位,分别研究了集中式供应链时零售商的最优定价和分散式供应链时零售商的最优零售价格、制造商的最优批发价格.最后得出集中式决策时的最优零售价格比分散式决策时的最优零售价格低;集中式决策时的供应链系统总利润比分散式决策时的供应链系统总利润要大,并且最优零售价格随着零售商之间的敏感系数的增大而增大,供应链系统总利润随着零售商之间的敏感系数的增大而增大.     

公平偏好下考虑政府补贴的低碳供应链定价决策

本文以制造商主导和零售商跟随的两级低碳供应链为模型,在政府补贴绿色产品的策略下,分别研究零售商和制造商的公平偏好对产品绿色度、最优定价及供应链利润的影响。研究发现：（1）不论供应链成员偏好与否,政府的补贴对供应链都是有利的,但补贴比例需控制在合理的范围内,以期供应链系统利润最大化。（2）研究制造商的批发价变化趋势时,需同时考虑政府补贴比例和偏好行为对其的影响。（3）供应链成员的偏好行为都会损害系统的利润,只有零售商的偏好行为会增加其自身的利润,特别是制造商的公平偏好行为是一种损人不利己的行为。     

服务型企业预订业务的能力与定价协调研究

针对客户需求的价格敏感性、随机性以及服务企业的分阶段定价策略,研究预订服务的能力与定价协调问题,构建优化模型,确定服务能力和市场价格,使期望利润最大。论证了模型是关于价格和能力的凹函数,并推导其最优解。通过数值算例分析了期初定价持续时间的变化对市场价格、服务能力和期望利润的影响关系,结果表明:(1)最大期望利润、最佳期初和期末市场价格以及最佳服务能力是关于期初定价持续时间的减函数;(2)随着期初定价持续时间的增加,最大期望利润和最佳期初市场价格开始下降幅度较大,随后趋于平缓,而最佳期末市场价格和最佳服务能力变化幅度较平稳。     

品牌权益影响下的双渠道供应链定价决策及协调研究

针对一个制造商开通直销渠道销售产品与零售商的价格竞争问题,文章基于制造商与零售商共享品牌权益的视角,研究在制造商双渠道供应链结构中,价格和品牌权益同时作用下的双渠道供应链定价决策,分别分析在集中决策下和分散决策下,品牌权益对两种渠道价格和利润的影响。研究发现：在集中决策下,两种渠道的价格、利润与品牌权益成正相关;在分散决策下,当品牌权益超过一定临界值时,其对制造商直销渠道的价格和制造商总利润的影响大于零售商。鉴于品牌权益对供应链定价决策的重要影响,文章建立制造商和零售商之间的品牌权益成本共担机制,并通过数值仿真分析发现,当实施品牌权益成本共担机制时,制造商和零售商的销售价格和利润均是最优的。因此,零售商应加强与制造商的互动,共同创造高品牌权益的同时,也应共同分享高品牌权益。     

需求不确定条件下企业集团转移定价决策分析

文章基于企业集团的下游市场存在产量竞争、最终产品的需求函数为不确定的条件,研究了集团的中间产品转移定价决策问题。结果表明,当对中间产品实行歧视定价时,中间产品的最优转移价格可能大于也可能等于或小于中间产品的边际成本,取决于下游公司与竞争公司生产的最终产品之间边际成本的大小关系;当对中间产品实行单一定价时,中间产品的最优转移价格为边际成本加成。通过对两种定价策略的比较可知,中间产品实行歧视定价将增加下游子公司和企业集团的整体利润。     

基于再制造的闭环供应链协调定价研究

以博弈论为基本研究方法,建立了双寡头制造商利用共同的零售商销售新产品和回收废旧品的闭环供应链博弈模型.研究在分散化定价决策下,闭环供应链中的节点企业为了取得最优利润,如何确定各自的批发价、零售价,以及废旧品回收价和回收补贴价格,发现在分散化定价决策下系统利润要低于集中定价决策下的系统利润,并因此提出了一个改进的两部定价契约来实现闭环供应链的协调定价.     

产品延保服务的供应链定价决策研究——基于制造商与零售商行为博弈分析

延保产品服务的提供既能为企业带来效益,又能保障消费者的售后权益。因此,企业和消费者对延保产品服务高度重视。本文构建由制造商和零售商组成的供应链博弈模型,分别探讨制造商提供延保产品服务、零售商提供延保产品服务、制造商和零售商同时提供延保产品服务三种模式下,制造商与零售商的最优定价决策,分析制造商/零售商提供的延保产品服务成本、服务需求及消费者对延保产品服务价格的敏感系数等对企业利润及延保产品服务选择决策的影响。研究结果显示：（1）企业间提供延保产品服务的竞争有利于提高企业利润;（2）延保服务的价格是消费者决定是否购买的主要因素之一;（3）延保产品服务市场具有较大的发展空间与价值空间;（4）政府激励政策可以推动延保产品服务市场的进一步发展。基于此,要鼓励企业开展延保产品服务,提高服务水平,延保产品服务市场前景广阔。     

浅谈商业企业期望利润最优定价法

商品定价是否合理科学,势必影响到商业企业的核心竞争力.本文总结了常见的定性定价策略,在传统理论基础上,引入概率统计与数理优化模型,提出了期望利润最优定价方法,定量地探讨了商品定价原理,为商业企业决策提供参考.     

Evolutionary game-theoretic model for dynamic congestion pricing in multi-class traffic networks

This paper describes an evolutionary game-theoretic learning model for dynamic congestion pricing in urban road networks, taking into account route choice stochasticity and reliability considerations, and the heterogeneity of users, in terms of their value of travel time and real-time information acquisition. The learning model represents the dynamic adjustments of users to travel cost changes which may take place in the day-to-day as well as the within-day timescales. The implementation into a simplified and a real urban road network signifies the important implications of modeling the dynamic and stochastic learning components of users’ behavior for accommodating the efficient deployment of congestion pricing schemes.     

搜寻成本与信誉租金对厂商定价的影响

信息的非对称性导致消费者在购物时要进行搜寻。搜寻是有代价的经济活动 ;在搜寻中花费的精力、人力、金钱、时间的机会成本构成搜寻成本。由于搜寻成本的存在消费者在购物时往往放弃搜寻 ,直接到信誉好的商店高价购物 ,以确保商品的效用。信誉度高而给产品定出高价从中获得的经济利润叫做信誉租金。搜寻成本与信誉租金存在因果关系。他们使厂商面临的需求曲线向下倾斜 ,使厂商给自己的产品定高价 ,长期均衡在经济利润上。     

论市场因素对保险产品定价的影响

基于精算技术的保费厘定实际上是用一种成本定价方法,未考虑市场因素对价格的影响。即单个投保人之间对保险产品价格变化的容忍程度、价格空间的大小变化对顾客需求的影响以及不同组群的潜在投保人的需求差别。分析市场因素对保险产品定价的影响,保险产品差别定价的策略是保险业产品定价之良策。而保险业只有精算技术与市场分析结合起来才能挖掘保险产品深层次的潜力。     

基于K线图的收益管理浮动价格博弈

研究价格浮动与座位存量分配控制相结合,通过价格动态调整以缩小预测误差所带来的航班收益损失。首次在收益管理系统中融入顾客与航空公司的博弈性,提出收益管理K线图研究思想,以直观反映价格波动和市场变化情况。虚拟舱位容量概念的提出,以减少旅客市场的季节性影响,将最大超售量作为虚拟舱位容量的一部分。虚拟舱位容量算法简洁易行。仿真运算结果显示,该方法通过直接获取潜在需求数据,能够提高航班座位利用率,并使航空公司不同航班在原有收益管理系统基础上分别提高2%至10%甚至更高的收益。     

Ladder Pricing – A New Form of Wholesale Price Discrimination

Wholesale ‘ladder pricing’ involves setting the wholesale price a retailer faces as a non-linear (generally increasing) function of the price chosen by that retailer. The special case where the ladder-pricing contract is linear is shown to be equivalent to a form of revenue sharing. Optimal profit maximizing ladder pricing/revenue sharing is examined, given that retailers are privately informed of their demands and costs, and have control over whether they participate, and if so, what retail price they set. The profit performance of the solution is compared with the alternative of wholesale quantity discounting, as the relative level of retailer demand/cost heterogeneity is varied; ladder pricing/revenue sharing tends to outperform quantity discounting by an increasing amount the greater retailer demand heterogeneity is relative to cost heterogeneity. Ladder pricing has recently been implemented for 08 and related calls in UK telecoms and has been subject to extended legal dispute; the case and issues involved are discussed.     

矿产资源价格改革及对策研究

目前,我国的矿产资源定价方法主要有成本定价法、收益还原法、供求定价法和CGE模型法。我国矿产资源价格总体偏低,市场供求调节机制滞后,价格机制失灵,资源价格不能反映供需和稀缺状况。应充分认识矿产资源价格改革对促进经济可持续发展的重要意义,重新定位矿产资源价值地位,确定合理的矿山地租,矿山开采实行完全成本核算等,建立矿产资源价格机制,形成政策体系,发挥市场机制在资源配置及资源定价方面的重作用;构建矿产资源税费新体制。     

Short Sea Shipping, intermodality and parameters influencing pricing policies: the Mediterranean case

The Short Sea Shipping (SSS) market is strongly diversified, due to the variety of cargoes, vessel types and capacity, and segmented due to the existence of many national and peripheral submarkets. It is observed that prices differ considerably among transport services of similar distance routes and/or similar demand characteristics. The aim of this study is to identify factors influencing SSS operators pricing policies for both the sea and the inland part of intermodal chains, in an integrated framework. The analysis is based on the comparison of parameters influencing the cost structure and the pricing policy. The analysis of data collected through telephone and face-to-face interviews reveals that fuel, port cost, and market drivers with fuel cost being the most important elements influencing the variation in both the cost function and the pricing policy. Cost variations are also influenced by the cost of hinterland transport and the size of shipments, while pricing policy varies according to destination and type of goods transported. These findings contribute in understanding the SSS market and its operation. However, due to the complexity of self-organised systems, validating the presented cost and pricing structures remains a challenge.     

Design and evaluation of road pricing: state-of-the-art and methodological advances

This article provides an in-depth review of the state-of-the-art and describes methodological advances in the design and evaluation of road network pricing schemes. A number of paradigm shifts from the two polar cases of the marginal social cost pricing of road traffic congestion and revenue-maximizing road toll pricing are analyzed, as induced by the need to address realistic design complexities and constraints. The crucial role of the joint consideration of pricing strategies with optimal capacity provision and several network management measures is manifested and an integrated evaluation framework is suggested to incorporate a wide range of road pricing impacts into the scheme design process.     

银行垄断及其市场势力研究

文章从产业组织理论的角度,把银行业的多产品性、产品的服务性等特征引入所建立的理论模型,得出了垄断银行的相应定价行为以及银行市场势力相应的表现形式.总体而言,银行市场势力仍然具有正负两面的双重效应.对中国银行业市场势力的特殊表现形式的分析表明:中国银行业的低效率的关键的因素可能不是市场结构的集中,而主要是国有银行的行政性市场势力所至.     

Achieving low-cost UMTS networks via pricing

One of the main concerns of mobile operators towards deployment of Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) networks is the investment cost. The costly radio access network, based on the network equipment required in a service area, prevents incumbents and new entrants from upgrading or building a new UMTS network. In this article, a novel, low-cost approach to the UMTS radio access network design is proposed. The approach employs the use of pricing incentives. This approach is based on the assumption that a pricing mechanism is in place to control excessive traffic load during peak periods. By incorporating this assumption into the network design, the network designer is able to relax certain design parameters, which may contribute to significant savings in equipment cost. Investigation is focused on the UMTS coverage and capacity planning, using the Net Present Value (NPV) financial analysis. For certain price-sensitivity levels, the analysis indicates that this approach provides a suitable strategy for mobile operators to comfortably move forward with UMTS upgrade and gain competitive edge in the wireless market.