Research Techniques and Their Use in Managing Non–profit Organisations – An Illustration of DEA Analysis in NPO Environments

This article examines nonprofit organisations from the managerial viewpoint. The objective is to study the applicability of efficiency information in managing NPOs. For this purpose important conceptual and methodological aspects are addressed. An efficiency measurement technique (DEA) is then analysed as a case in point, and its main characteristics critically reviewed. DEA applications in four NPO environments are examined. The aim is to pinpoint possibilities and limitations in using DEA–based efficiency information in the management process of NPOs. The article argues in favour of a more profound comprehension of the use of efficiency information and the application of research techniques.     

Capital Structure Determinants for Tax‐Exempt Organisations: Evidence from the UK

Abstract: This study looks into the determinants of capital structure in the absence of tax incentives. I find that attributes normally associated with debt use for taxable corporations are likewise correlated with debt use in the tax‐exempt sector. These include the organisation's age, asset tangibility, governance structure, industry grouping, liquidity, profitability, and size. Tax‐exempt sector‐specific findings indicate that debt use is also related to the size of the organisation's endowment and the amount of voluntary income. This study also demonstrates the portability of the theory of capital structure by extending the findings in Smith (2010) beyond the United States.     

Capital Structure and Firm Efficiency

Abstract:  This paper investigates the relationship between firm efficiency and leverage. We consider both the effect of leverage on firm performance as well as the reverse causality relationship. In particular, we address the following questions: Does higher leverage lead to better firm performance? Does efficiency exert a significant effect on leverage over and above that of traditional financial measures of capital structure? Is the effect of efficiency on leverage similar across different capital structures? What is the signalling role of efficiency to creditors or investors? Using a sample of 12,240 New Zealand firms we find evidence supporting the theoretical predictions of the Jensen and Meckling (1976) agency cost model. Efficiency measured as the distance from the industry's 'best practice' production frontier is positively related to leverage over the entire range of observed data. The frontier is constructed using the non-parametric Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) method. Using quantile regression analysis we show that the reverse causality effect of efficiency on leverage is positive at low to mid-leverage levels and negative at high leverage ratios. Firm size also has a non-monotonic effect on leverage: negative at low debt ratios and positive at mid to high debt ratios. The effect of tangibles and profitability on leverage is positive while intangibles and other assets are negatively related to leverage.     

公司治理、融资效率与经济增长

由于不良的公司治理使更多的劳动和资本资源配置到经理的私人收益上，只要劳动所创造的边际私人收益为正，经理人就会减少公司红利或利息，对公司股权融资或债权融资造成不利影响，从而降低融资效率，减少产出，影响经济增长。提高经理人市场和资本市场的完全竞争性，可以有效地降低因公司治理结构的不完善而带来的资源效率的损失，提高融资效率，促进经济增长。     

资本结构、股权结构与中小企业成长性——基于中小企业板数据的实证分析

本文以中小企业板上市企业2004-2009年数据为基础,以资产市值账面比衡量企业成长性,分析了我国中小上市企业资本结构和股权结构对成长性的影响。实证结果表明,资产负债率和长期负债率均对成长性具有显著正向影响,意味着较高的负债能降低外部权益成本,有利于中小上市企业的成长。成长性与股权集中度显著正相关,表明股权集中有利于股东对管理层进行监督,降低代理成本并能促进中小上市企业成长。管理层持股比重的改变对中小上市企业的成长性无显著影响。     

人力资本、人力资本结构与产业经营效率关系研究

对我国财险业2005年～2009年人力资本及其结构进行度量。采用随机前沿模型(SFA),对我国财险业人力资本、人力资本结构与产业经营效率之间的关系进行了研究。研究结果显示:期间我国财险业从业人员受教育年限不断提高,人力资源结构得到了优化升级,但中外资企业之间有较大差距;人力资本存量的投资能促进产业经营效率的提高,但效果不明显;财险业人力资本结构对经营效率的改善具有滞后效应;本科学历和硕士学历人力资本对财险业经营效率的提高具有较强的效果。     

基于DEA方法的人力资本结构效率评价

人力资本对经济增长的促进作用不仅取决于其存量多少,而且取决于人力资本配置结构的有效性。运用DEA方法对全国各地区人力资本配置的有效性进行评价,可见人力资本配置无效的主要原因在于各地区从业人员中低受教育程度的人力资本的大量冗余。故各人力资本投入组合DEA无效的地区应努力提高其从业人员中低受教育水平的劳动力的受教育程度,通过提高这部分人的受教育程度能收到规模收益递增的效果。     

社会抚养比对资本积累和经济增长的影响研究

通过世代交叠模型和内生经济增长理论,将人力资本投资和储蓄内生化,考察社会抚养比对资本积累和经济增长的影响,并利用我国1994~2012年的省级面板数据进行实证检验。结果表明：我国少儿抚养比增加促进人力资本积累进而促进经济增长的作用小于其抑制物质资本积累进而阻碍经济增长的作用;老年抚养比的增加先后“阻碍-促进-阻碍”了我国的经济增长;总抚养比与我国的经济增长负相关。     

资本结构、产权结构与公司治理

资本结构也就是财产所有权的结构安排,而财产所有权往往最终与收益权对应,所以资本结构又牵系着产权安排,或者说资本结构决定了产权安排结构。这样作为股权资本与债券资本比例关系的资本结构,反映的是市场经济条件下企业的金融关系,即以资本和信用为纽带,通过投资与借贷构成的股东、债权人和经营者之间相互制约的利益关系。     

中国经济增长的模式、结构与效率

二元结构条件下的中国经济具有类似AK模型的内生增长特征,在非边际收益递减的投资驱动下进行持久的资本深化。由于经济增长速度部门分布的离散性是与总体经济增长速度正向相关的,中国经济的高速增长必然伴随着各经济部门的非平衡增长。同时,中国经济增长的能源效率显著改进,其服务业与非服务业的生产过程在能源使用密集方面是无差异的。     

信贷资本配置效率与产权结构——基于中国商业银行的实证分析

商业银行所有权安排是影响信贷资本配置质量的基本变量.由于理论背景不同,对银行产权与信贷配置效率的关系出现了截然相反的两种观点.在理论分析信贷配置的所有权效应基础上,本文选取中国16家资产规模最大的商业银行的数据,对中国1990年代以来国有产权的信贷配置效率进行实证分析,结果表明,在国有银行制度下,中国的信贷资本具有正的但较低的配置效率,银行国有产权比重过高使信贷配置效率未能达到最佳状态.     

数字化转型、资本结构与投资效率——基于制造业上市公司数据分析

依据2015—2022年沪深A股制造业上市公司数据,运用文本分析方法,构建企业数字化转型指标,考量数字化转型、资本结构与投资效率之间的关系。结果显示：企业数字化转型通过优化资本结构抑制企业非效率投资行为,对国有企业和过度投资企业的作用更明显,且企业非债务税盾在过度投资和投资不足两种状态下作用效果相反。鉴于此,加快数字化转型进程,做好目标资本结构测算模型设计,实施差异化优惠政策,提升行业投资效率,提高制造业全球竞争力。     

Capital Account Openness,International Trade,and Economic Growth: A Cross-Country Empirical Investigation

New empirical estimates of the effects of capital restrictions on growth support capital account liberalization, especially for developed countries. Capital restrictions reduce the benefits of foreign direct investment (FDI) on growth in developing countries. Estimation results for long-term capital flows demonstrate that countries with higher flows grow faster, challenging the belief that countries must attain a threshold level of development or human capital to benefit from capital inflows. Moreover, findings show that trade with developed countries and FDI inflows are substitutes in developing countries. Overall, the results support capital account liberalization in developed and developing countries.     

Capital Structure, Information Acquisition and Investment Decisions in an Industry Framework

This paper analyzes the relationship between a firm's capital structure and its information acquisition prior to capital budgeting decisions. It is found that low-growth industries can sustain a large number of levered firms. In these industries, leverage is negatively related to a firm's incentive to acquire information during the capital budgeting process. In contrast, high-growth industries only sustain a small number of levered firms. In these industries, levered firms acquire more information than all-equity financed firms. The model yields empirical predictions regarding the effects of leverage on the expected amount and the volatility of corporate investment. While leverage does not affect firm value, highly levered firms generate a more volatile cash flow than firms with low debt levels.     

资本约束、风险管理与商业银行成长

基于资本必须覆盖风险命题的要求,银行的风险管理能力决定了银行的资本规模和资本的配置,银行资本管理实质上等价于风险管理,资本约束实质上就是风险约束。资本软约束是制约中国商业银行成长的主要障碍之一,但仅仅致力于资本充足率问题的解决并不能保证我国商业银行的可持续成长,风险约束是制约我国商业银行成长的瓶颈。只有从制度、技术和经营战略等方面入手,不断提高风险管理能力,建立以资本约束为核心的业务增长模式和资源配置方式,尽快实现成长模式由资金约束到资本约束的转变,中国商业银行才能在效益、质量和规模协调发展的基础上实现持续成长。     

资本约束、风险管理与商业银行成长

基于资本必须覆盖风险命题的要求，银行的风险管理能力决定了银行的资本规模和资本的配置，银行资本管理实质上等价于风险管理，资本约束实质上就是风险约束。资本软约束是制约中国商业银行成长的主要障碍之一，但仅仅致力于资本充足率问题的解决并不能保证我国商业银行的可持续成长，风险约束是制约我国商业银行成长的瓶颈。只有从制度、技术和经营战略等方面入手，不断提高风险管理能力，建立以资本约束为核心的业务增长模式和资源配置方式，尽快实现成长模式由资金约束到资本约束的转变，中国商业银行才能在效益、质量和规模协调发展的基础上实现持续成长。     

股权资本与区域经济增长的内生性实证检验

在Lucas(1988)模型基础上引入金融资本建立内生经济增长分析框架,研究分析表征区域股票市场发展的两个变量(股权资本和股东权益)对经济增长的影响,并重点强调对内生性问题的分析。借助省级面板数据进行实证检验后发现,经济增长动力的地区差异十分明显,股权资本对经济增长的贡献不显著。     

公司所得税对资本结构的影响——基于中国上市公司的实证分析

国外大量的经验研究表明,税收是影响公司资本结构的重要因素。而我国具有自身特有的制度与经济背景,通过对我国上市公司财务数据进行检验,可以为我国税收是否影响公司资本结构,以及影响程度的大小提供实证方面的证据,并为进一步改善税收经济调节作用提供思路。     

Tools, Techniques and Tightropes: The Art of Walking and Talking Private Sector Management in Non–profit Organisations, is it Just a Question of Balance?

The focus of this paper, first presented at a European Institute for Advanced Studies in Management workshop on challenges of managing in the third sector, is the experiences of small to medium non–profit organisations and their relationship with management tools and techniques. It seeks to raise debate around implications for the creative use of private sector management tools and to contribute to understanding of non–profit management practice. While lessons may be learned from business techniques and processes, the paper contends that execution of business enhancing tools needs to be considered in contexts relevant to the sector's interests and primary aims.     

Stock Market Valuation, Profitability and R&D Spending of the Firm: The Effect of Technology Mergers and Acquisitions

Abstract:  In this paper, we investigate whether a firm can enhance the effect of its R&D spending on its current market value and future profitability through technology-oriented M&As. On the basis of an analysis of 1,879 M&As, we find that when a technology firm acquires another technology firm, the magnitude of the stock price response to the R&D spending of an acquirer increases by 107% in the year of the M&A. In contrast, we find no such increase in the stock price response to the R&D spending of a non-technology acquirer. We also find that technology acquirers are more successful in converting their R&D spending into positive future profitability than non-technology acquirers. Our results are robust for different alternative specifications of our model and when various firm differences are controlled for.