非活跃市场环境下公允价值计量相关问题研究

公允价值并非只运用于活跃市场,非活跃市场是公允价值运用不可或缺的主要环境,活跃市场在很大程度上只是公允价值运用的特殊环境。美国FAS157《公允价值计量》没有系统考虑非活跃市场环境下诸多公允价值计量问题。深入研究非活跃市场环境下公允价值计量相关问题,并与基于活跃市场环境的公允价值计量框架进行对比和对接,有利于完善公允价值计量理论与方法体系,提高会计信息的决策有用性,加速实现我国与国际会计准则的持续全面趋同。     

公允价值在金融危机爆发前后的发展变化及其未来影响

文章首先回顾了金融危机爆发前,美国公认会计原则和国际会计准则以及中国会计准则中有关公允价值的发展,然后重点分析了金融危机爆发后相关准则制定机构对公允价值计量所采取的举措,最后提出公允价值的发展变化对会计领域未来的影响。     

公允价值会计的现状以及未来发展

公允价值机制在实际经济生活中有着非常重要的作用,通过它可以让投资者对决策做出更加科学的评估,获得更多的经济效益。本文重点论述了公允价值会计在我国的应用现状,并根据实际的情况展望了未来的发展前景,以期能够为相关的实践提供些许理论基础。     

公允价值有关问题的探讨

公允价值是会计资产计价领域应用的一个概念,全球经济一体化使各国会计制度逐步从＂合法化＂向＂公共投资者利益至上＂方面转化。加之金融工具特别是金融衍生工具的迅速发展,促使会计界对会计计量模式进行重新认识,通过对公允价值的含义、特征、实际应用的分析,为正确认识公允价值提供参考。     

关于我国公允价值会计计量未来发展的思考

公允价值会计计量力求真实反映资产负债的现值,为投资者和社会公众决策提供有用会计信息.然而,公允价值会计计量却被有些人认为是此次金融危机的罪魁祸首.公允价值的功与过、存或弃、未来的发展,引发了各方思考与讨论.文章从我国公允价值引入的目的、发展的历程、当前面临的选择及其未来的发展趋势,全方位思考我国公允价值会计计量.     

公允价值环境下会计稳健性问题研究

一直以来,公允价值都是国际会计界的一大热点,尤其在国际金融危机之后,国际会计界越发关注公允价值,放眼国内,公允价值同样受到很大的重视。与此同时,公允价值之于会计稳健性的影响也越来越成为热点话题,本文便基于公允价值理论,展开公允价值与会计稳健性的关系分析,从而大胆提出几点会计稳健性的运用策略。     

公允价值会计在我国的应用:历史、现状与思考

公允价值是国际惯例中一种重要的会计计量属性。本文阐述了我国从1998年首次使用公允价值,到2006年发布的新企业会计准则体系中大力推广的历史以及公允价值计量在我国新会计准则中的应用现状,并对将来新准则中应用公允价值提出了建议。     

论公允价值运用中的问题及对策

2006年,国家财政部颁布的企业会计准则体系中,很多方面采用了公允价值计量模式,标志着公允价值在我国的研究和应用进入了一个崭新的时期。但在这几年的运用中也存在一定的问题,本文论述了我国现阶段运用公允价值存在的一些现实问题,以及针对这些问题提出的解决对策。     

公允价值应用问题研究

随着社会的不断发展,中国城市化逐渐加快投资过程,各级政府都加强了对人力、物力和财力的建设。然而,由于市政工程建设投资不足,如何有效地提高公允价值的应用是一个重要的研究课题。对公允价值的定义进行梳理,解析公允价值的特征,剖析中国应用公允价值存在的问题,深入探讨阐述这些问题的原因,进而提出在加强中国公允价值运用的策略。     

公允价值会计信息的价值相关性研究

本文选用2010-2012年我国A股上市公司为样本,运用修正的ohlson模型来研究公允价值会计信息与股价的相关性,用计入利润表的公允价值变动损益来计量公允价值会计信息,通过多元线性回归模型研究发现,公允价值变动损益对股价具有显著相关性,即公允价值的引入增强了会计信息的价值相关性,该结论说明了2006年新会计准则中引入公允价值提高了财务报告的信息质量。     

Field experiments in economics: The past, the present, and the future

This study presents an overview of modern field experiments and their usage in economics. Our discussion focuses on three distinct periods of field experimentation that have influenced the economics literature. The first might well be thought of as the dawn of “field” experimentation: the work of Neyman and Fisher, who laid the experimental foundation in the 1920s and 1930s by conceptualizing randomization as an instrument to achieve identification via experimentation with agricultural plots. The second, the large-scale social experiments conducted by government agencies in the mid-twentieth century, moved the exploration from plots of land to groups of individuals. More recently, the nature and range of field experiments has expanded, with a diverse set of controlled experiments being completed outside of the typical laboratory environment. With this growth, the number and types of questions that can be explored using field experiments has grown tremendously. After discussing these three distinct phases, we speculate on the future of field experimental methods, a future that we envision including a strong collaborative effort with outside parties, most importantly private entities.     

Technological substitution in the United States pulp and paper industry: The sulfate pulping process

This paper presents an econometric analysis of the diffusion of the sulfate pulping process throughout the U.S. pulp and paper industry. A dynamic equilibrium, Gompertz diffusion function is employed to derive a multivariate estimation model which incorporates more information than the traditional approach of estimating the growth rate function alone. The empirical results suggest that the econometric approach provides a useful integration of the technological diffusion process and the comparative static theory of demand. The sulfate pulping process is projected to continue capturing market share at a relatively rapid rate, and could account for 90% or more of total U.S. woodpulp production by the year 2000.     

International stock return predictability: on the role of the United States in bad and good times

In this article, we document the asymmetric role that the US stock market plays in the international predictability of excess stock returns during recession and expansion periods. Most of the positive evidence accrues during the periods of recessions in the United States. During the expansions, there is only a limited evidence supporting the importance of lagged US returns in predictability of stock returns in 10 industrialized countries.     

Saving,Wealth and the Transition from Transfers to Individual Responsibility: The Cases of Taiwan and the United States*

Under the life‐cycle saving model, population aging leads to an increased demand for life‐cycle wealth. Changes in transfer systems create or destroy one component of life‐cycle wealth—transfer wealth. The decline in the familial transfer system in Taiwan and reform of the US Social Security system are two examples of ways that transfer wealth is reduced. The combined effects of aging and changes in transfer systems are analyzed using simulation analysis. Rapid aging and radical decline in transfer systems lead to a large but transitory surge in aggregate saving. Capital per worker increases rapidly and remains at a high level.     

A tale of two states: asymmetries in the UK small,value and momentum premiums

This article performs comparative analysis of the asymmetries in size, value and momentum premium and their macroeconomic determinants over the UK economic cycles, using Markov switching approach. We associate Markov switching regime 1 with economic upturn and regime 2 with economic downturn. We find clear evidence of cyclical variations in the three premiums, most notable being that in the size premium, which changes from positive in expansions to negative in recessions. Macroeconomic indicators prompting such cyclicality the most are variables that proxy credit market conditions, namely the interest rates, term structure and credit spread. Overall, macro factors tend to have more significant impact on the three premiums during economic downturns. The results are robust to the choice of information variable used in modelling transition probabilities of the two-stage Markov switching model. We show that exploiting cyclicality in premiums proves particularly profitable for portfolios featuring small cap stocks in recessions at a feasible level of transaction costs.     

Bioenergy Crop Production in the United States: Potential Quantities, Land Use Changes, and Economic Impacts on the Agricultural Sector

The U.S. Departments of Agriculture and Energyjointly analyzed the economic potential for,and impacts of, large-scale bioenergy cropproduction in the United States. Anagricultural sector model (POLYSYS) wasmodified to include three potential bioenergycrops (switchgrass, hybrid poplar, and willow). At farmgate prices of US $2.44/GJ, anestimated 17 million hectares of bioenergycrops, annually yielding 171 million dry Mg ofbiomass, could potentially be produced at aprofit greater than existing agricultural usesfor the land. The estimate assumes highproductivity management practices are permittedon Conservation Reserve Program lands. Traditional crops prices are estimated toincrease 9 to 14 percent above baseline pricesand farm income increases annually by US $6.0billion above baseline.At farmgate prices of US $1.83/GJ, anestimated 7.9 million hectares of bioenergycrops, annually yielding 55 million dry Mg ofbiomass, could potentially be produced at aprofit greater than existing agricultural usesfor the land. The estimate assumes managementpractices intended to achieve highenvironmental benefits on Conservation ReserveProgram lands. Traditional crops prices areestimated to increase 4 to 9 percent abovebaseline prices and farm income increasesannually by US $2.8 billion above baseline.     

Toward a multilateral framework for identifying national security threats posed by foreign acquisitions: with special reference to Chinese acquisitions in the United States,Canada, and Australia

This article presents a framework for differentiating between foreign acquisitions of companies that might plausibly pose a national security threat to the home country of the target acquisition and those that do not. This framework originally derives from the experience of the United States. The framework is then shown to be relevant and useful for foreign acquisitions in Canada and Australia. In each case, Chinese acquisitions of US, Canadian, or Australian firms are highlighted. The article concludes by arguing that this framework can serve as an effective nondiscriminatory basis for separating genuine from implausible national security threats from foreign acquisitions across OECD states, to include all countries around the world.     

Coordination versus flexibility in wage formation: a focus on the nominal wage impact of productivity in Germany,Greece, Ireland,Portugal, Spain and the United States

Wage coordination between countries of the European Monetary Union (EMU) aims at aligning nominal wage growth with labour productivity growth at the national level. We analyse the developments in Germany, the EMU’s periphery countries Greece, Ireland, Portugal and Spain along with the United States over the period 1980 to 2010. Apart from the contribution of productivity to nominal wages, we take into account the contributions of prices, unemployment, replacement rates and taxes by means of an econometrically estimated nonlinear equation resulting from a wage bargaining model. We further study the downward rigidities of nominal wages. The findings show that in past times of low productivity, price inflation and reductions in unemployment still put significant upward pressure on nominal wage growth. The periphery countries are far from aligning nominal wage growth with productivity growth. German productivity is a major wage determinant, but surely not the only one. Within the context of a free bargaining process between employers and labour unions, policy-makers can effectively use the replacement rate to steer the nominal wages outcome.     

The effect of exchange rates on prices,wages, and profits: A case study of the United Kingdom in the 1990s

Abstract

During the 1990s the United Kingdom experienced large and sudden exchange rate movements that had no apparent impact on overall consumer prices. This paper shows that the stability of UK consumer prices was made possible in part by offsetting movements in the price-cost margins of foreign exporters and in part by offsetting price-cost margins in the UK distribution sector. At the same time, UK manufacturers experienced margin swings in the opposite direction, largely due to their role as exporters. Thus, sterling depreciation boosted the profits of UK manufacturers and squeezed the profits of UK distributors, while sterling appreciation had the opposite effects.