制造企业转型升级的战略风险形成机理及战略模式选择

制造企业需要转型升级已经成为政府和企业的共识,但目前的理论不能很好地帮助制造企业找到适合自己转型升级的战略模式。从制造企业转型升级风险的形成过程、均衡机制的角度阐述制造企业转型升级的战略风险形成机理,在此基础上提出了两种转型升级战略模式：通过向微笑曲线左右移动以提高价值链上产品的附加值,或通过转向新兴行业实现价值链转型以提高产品附加值,并用案例来说明这两种模式的实施过程和注意事项。以期为制造企业正确认识转型升级过程中的战略风险和选择正确的转型升级战略模式提供参考。     

Internationalization and environmentally-related organizational learning among Chinese manufacturers

Globalization has caused Chinese manufacturers to develop quickly while simultaneously meeting green barriers to export products. Whether internationalization has led to improved environmental management practices among Chinese manufacturers is also a related question. Using survey data collected from 377 Chinese manufacturers in four industrial sectors, we find that international institutional pressures positively relate to domestic environmentalism of Chinese manufacturers and their adoption of environmentally-related organizational learning practices. Environmental learning is a viable method for Chinese manufacturers to ease their environmental burdens by replicating environmental management practices of their foreign counterparts. On the policy side, the Chinese government should follow other developed countries efforts to deploy environmental regulations and policies, further motivating environmental awareness and responses in the manufacturing industry.     

The power of incrementalism: environmental regulation and technological change in pulp and paper bleaching in the US

This article explores environmental regulation as a driver of technological change through a case study ofthe US pulp and paper industry. It analyses two sets of variables that influence the pace and direction of environmentally oriented technological change: industry structure and regulatory design. As would be expecded from a mature productive unit, when confronted with environmental challenges, the US pull, and paper industry demonstrates a strong preference for incremental technological change. The case suggests that the traditional approaches to standard-setting in the US have not challenged this preference. For the pulp and paper industry, there is considerable uncertainty regarding the strategic advantages of alternative technologies, due to uncertainly in further environmental regulation and the relatively small difference in cost between incremental and radical innovations for may mills. This case suggests that an alternative approach for promoting the diffusion of environmental enhancing radical innovations in mature productive units is to long-term goals for environmental improvement.     

The power of incrementalism: environmental regulation and technological change in pulp and paper bleaching in the US

This article explores environmental regulation as a driver of technological change through a case study ofthe US pulp and paper industry. It analyses two sets of variables that influence the pace and direction of environmentally oriented technological change: industry structure and regulatory design. As would be expecded from a mature productive unit, when confronted with environmental challenges, the US pull, and paper industry demonstrates a strong preference for incremental technological change. The case suggests that the traditional approaches to standard-setting in the US have not challenged this preference. For the pulp and paper industry, there is considerable uncertainty regarding the strategic advantages of alternative technologies, due to uncertainly in further environmental regulation and the relatively small difference in cost between incremental and radical innovations for may mills. This case suggests that an alternative approach for promoting the diffusion of environmental enhancing radical innovations in mature productive units is to long-term goals for environmental improvement.     

Preferences for alternative fuel vehicles of company car drivers

Costs of car ownership for company cars drivers and private car owners are very different. Car use, car choice decisions and preferences for car characteristics may therefore differ substantially between these two markets. In this paper, we present results of a study on the preferences of company car drivers for alternative fuel vehicles and their characteristics, based on data from an online stated choice experiment in the Netherlands. Results show that, assuming current car characteristics, preferences for alternative fuel vehicles, and for electric and fuel cell cars in particular, are substantially lower than those for the conventional technology. Limited driving ranges, long recharge/refuelling times and limited availability of refuelling opportunities, are to a large extent responsible for this. Preferences for alternative fuel vehicles increase considerably with improvements on these aspects, especially for the hybrid and flexifuel car. Under the current company car tax system in the Netherlands, which favours cleaner technologies, these two car types are even preferred to the conventional technology, assuming equal catalogue prices and personal monthly cost contributions. Comparing results with those from a similar choice experiment among private car owners shows that willingness to pay patterns for AFV improvements regarding driving range, recharge and refuelling times, fuel availability and diversity in AFV supply, are considerably different for company car drivers than for private car owners. Company and private car drivers may therefore react (very) differently to future improvements in AFV technology and fuel availability. We finally show that preferences of company car drivers for fuel cell and electric cars depend to a large extent on annual mileage. Market share simulations show that potential early adopters of electric and fuel cell cars can be found among people with a relatively low annual mileage.     

Evaluating technology disruptiveness in a strategic corporate context: A case study

This study examines how firms interpret new, potentially disruptive technologies in their own strategic context. The study uses a propositional framework for evaluating the amount of radical change in the companies' business models with two middle variables, the disruptiveness potential of a new technology, and the strategic importance of a new technology to a firm. The framework is used in a cross-case analysis of four potentially disruptive technologies or technical operating models: Bluetooth, WLAN, Grid computing and Mobile Peer-to-peer paradigm. The technologies were investigated from the perspective of three mobile operators, a device manufacturer and a software company in the ICT industry.The data was gathered in group-discussion sessions in each company. The results of each case analysis were brought together to evaluate, how firms interpret the potential disruptiveness in terms of changes in product characteristics and added value, technology and market uncertainty, changes in product-market positions, possible competence disruption and changes in value network positions. The results indicate that the perceived disruptiveness in terms of product characteristics does not necessarily translate into strategic importance. In addition, firms did not see the new technologies as a threat in terms of potential competence disruption.     

企业如何从绿色管理中获利:战略更新视角

绿色管理已经成为企业应对政府和公众环境关切的重要战略选择。企业如何以及在何种情况下能依靠绿色管理提高绩效成为重要研究问题。整合资源基础观和战略更新研究,构建一个被调节的中介模型,以阐明绿色管理如何通过战略更新的中介作用影响绩效,同时分析竞争强度的调节作用。基于288家企业的实证结果表明,绿色管理与企业战略更新、战略更新与企业绩效显著正相关,战略更新对绿色管理与绩效之间的关系具有完全中介作用,竞争强度正向调节战略更新对企业绩效的影响,也正向调节战略更新在绿色管理与企业绩效之间的中介作用。研究有助于从战略更新视角深化对绿色管理影响企业绩效路径机制的理解,对企业成功实施绿色转型有重要实践启示。     

环境动态性视角下大数据能力对制造业绿色竞争力的影响机制研究——基于SBM-GML指数模型

随着数字经济兴起，大数据在降低环境成本、提高组织效益等方面显示出巨大潜力。选择包含非期望产出的SBM-GML模型，测算2014—2019年50家制造业上市企业绿色竞争力，并运用Stata16软件分析大数据能力对绿色竞争力的影响以及环境动态性在其中的调节作用。研究表明，大数据战略规划能力和大数据分析能力对绿色竞争力具有显著积极作用，非高新技术制造业当期与滞后一期的大数据管理能力能够提高绿色竞争力水平，高新技术制造业当期与滞后一期的大数据管理能力对绿色竞争力没有显著作用；环境动态性在大数据战略规划能力、大数据管理能力与绿色竞争力的关系中起正向调节作用，但是对大数据分析能力与绿色竞争力的调节效应不显著。     

中欧制造业产品内贸易对中国绿色技术溢出效应的影响

为分析贸易对绿色技术的传递作用，基于中间品贸易的技术溢出机制，选取2000—2019年中欧15个细分制造业数据，使用OECD环境技术专利数据库计算欧盟和中国绿色技术知识存量，从产品内贸易视角研究垂直专业化分工对中国绿色技术溢出的影响。结果表明：第一，产品内贸易具有显著正向溢出效应，且通过垂直专业化分工调节，绿色技术的行业溢出效应进一步放大；第二，相较于进口，产品内出口通过产业规模集聚表现出更为显著的出口学习效应，非物化型前沿环保技术更容易通过产品内出口向中国转移；第三，专业化分工对制造业内绿色技术创新能力的推动作用存在行业异质性。因此，中国应加强与环保技术领先国的产品内贸易，通过模仿学习不断吸收物化于产品中的环保工艺，从而推动本国绿色技术迭代和更新。     

Dealing with the dynamics of technology roadmapping implementation: A case study

Nowadays, companies are facing many challenges. The product life cycle is getting shorter while the complexity and the demand for product customization are increasing. Technology Roadmapping (TRM) has been widely used as a strategic management tool to help organizations in effectively identifying potential products or services for the future, determining proper technology alternatives, and mapping them with resource allocation plans. With the completion of TRM implementation, any organization can be assured that its required technologies and infrastructures will be ready when needed. Implementing TRM as a part of the ongoing strategic/business planning process is challenging because it may affect the organizational work process, structure, and culture. Therefore, an organization needs to understand how the changing roles and responsibilities of key players involved in the TRM process match with the dynamics of TRM implementation in each stage. This paper illustrates the dynamics of TRM implementation and presents a case study to demonstrate how one of the leading building product manufacturers in the ASEAN region went through the process.     

Organisational change and the productivity effects of green technology adoption

This study investigates induced productivity effects of firms introducing new environmental technologies. The literature on within-firm organisational change and productivity suggests that firms can achieve higher productivity gains from adopting new technologies if they adapt their organisational structures. Such complementarity effects may be of particular importance for the adoption of greenhouse gas (GHG) abatement technologies. The adoption of these technologies is often induced by public authorities to limit the social costs of climate change, whereas the private returns are much less obvious. This study finds empirical support for complementarity between green technology adoption (either CO₂-reducing or resources and energy efficiency-enhancing technologies) and organisational change. While the sole adoption of green technologies is associated with lower productivity, the simultaneous implementation of green technologies and organisational innovations is not.     

环境规制对企业绿色创新的影响机理研究——战略柔性与区域差异性的双调节作用

企业绿色创新既需要环境规制政策引导,又需要有较强战略柔性与之相协调。引入战略柔性、区域差异性的调节作用,并采用分组回归检验环境规制对企业绿色创新的区域差异性影响,探索环境规制对企业绿色创新的双元影响机制。结果显示：环境规制对企业绿色技术创新和企业绿色管理创新均具有显著正向影响,且对前者的积极影响更显著;战略柔性正向调节环境规制与企业绿色技术创新、企业绿色管理创新间的关系,且对后者的调节作用更大;环境规制对企业绿色创新的影响呈现“东、中部各领风骚,西部较弱”的区域差异性特征：环境规制对企业绿色技术创新、企业绿色管理创新的促进作用在中部、东部地区较强,在西部地区较弱。     

Environmental Innovations in Small and Medium Sized Enterprises

Supporting and accelerating the adoption and diffusion of environmental innovations amongst small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) is a major challenge to environmental policy makers. Research suggests that whilst SMEs possess high flexibility, their innovative capacity may be limited to incremental changes within their existing technology system and network. Twenty case studies examining the innovation adoption process in SMEs in four sectors and in five countries within the ENVIS project (commissioned by the EU) revealed great variety in factors driving this process. Findings indicate that this variation can be attributed to the character of the environmental innovation, the specific business opportunity, the regulatory setting and pressure experienced by the sector. Based on these findings an analytical framework is suggested, whereby the environmental innovative capability of SMEs is conceived as the result of an interplay between the competencies, the network relations and the strategic orientation of the company (the 'dynamic triangle'). This indicates that policy to support SME's adoption of environmental innovations has to take an integrated form, i.e. addressing and developing competence, networks and strategic orientation of SMEs simultaneously whilst remaining systemic and context sensitive.     

Beyond inducement in climate change: Does environmental performance spur environmental technologies? A regional analysis of cross-sectoral differences

This paper contributes to the debate on the inducement of environmental innovations by analyzing the extent to which endogenous inducement mechanisms spur the generation of greener technologies in contexts characterized by weak exogenous inducement pressures. In the presence of a fragile environmental regulatory framework, inducement can indeed be endogenous and environmental innovations may be spurred by firms' reactions to their direct or related environmental performance. Cross-sector analysis focuses on a panel of Italian regions, over the time span 2003–2007, and is conducted by implementing zero-inflated regression models for count data variables. The empirical results suggest that in a context characterized by a weak regulatory framework, such as the Italian one, environmental performance has significant and complementary within- and between-sector effects on the generation of green technologies.     

Foresight in innovation policy: Shared visions for a science park and business–university links in a city region

Many car manufacturers recognize fuel cell vehicles as future substitutes for conventional cars with internal combustion engines. According to press releases and brochures, different strategic approaches of the automobile companies to fuel cell technology can be identified. These strategies match to a high degree the market entry strategies known from strategic marketing literature. A system dynamics model that reflects the beginning innovation process and the strategic approaches of a pioneer (first to market), an early follower (early to market) and a late follower (late to market) has been built. It examines the future prospects of the car manufacturers’ strategies in three different scenarios, which illuminate possible future developments of external influences like politics or fuel infrastructure.     

国产化政策与全要素生产率——来自汽车零部件制造业的证据

产业政策是否有效已成为当下学术界的热点话题.文章聚焦2005年中国汽车工业国产化政策,并结合同时期的税收减免政策,利用2002-2007年中国汽车零部件和整车制造业的微观数据,实证分析其对企业全要素生产率的影响.研究发现:(1)整车厂商对零部件厂商的纵向技术溢出效应是国产化政策提升零部件企业全要素生产率的主要机制,但市场规模的扩张和短期内市场垄断程度的上升也使零部件企业产生了技术改进的惰性;(2)国产化政策对企业生产率的影响在不同所有制企业之间存在差异:内资企业、非国有企业更多地从整车厂商的技术溢出中获益,外资企业则更多地从市场规模的扩大中获益,国有企业生产率受该政策影响不显著;(3)国产化政策与同一时期税收减免政策之间的关系存在两面性.国产化政策下,受税收减免的FDI向本土零部件企业发生了更多的技术转移,受税收减免的企业本身却缺乏效率改进的动力.上述结论带给新一轮中国工业改革的启示是:国产化政策在一定范围内仍然是有效的,特别是对高端装备制造业等战略新兴产业,政策导向有利于为新产业主体建设打下基础;但是产业政策同样不应被过度使用,制定政策应该重视政策工具在不同阶段的有机组合,取长补短,使各产业政策形成合力进而保证企业效率的提升.     

Environmental Innovations in Small and Medium Sized Enterprises

Supporting and accelerating the adoption and diffusion of environmental innovations amongst small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) is a major challenge to environmental policy makers. Research suggests that whilst SMEs possess high flexibility, their innovative capacity may be limited to incremental changes within their existing technology system and network. Twenty case studies examining the innovation adoption process in SMEs in four sectors and in five countries within the ENVIS project (commissioned by the EU) revealed great variety in factors driving this process. Findings indicate that this variation can be attributed to the character of the environmental innovation, the specific business opportunity, the regulatory setting and pressure experienced by the sector. Based on these findings an analytical framework is suggested, whereby the environmental innovative capability of SMEs is conceived as the result of an interplay between the competencies, the network relations and the strategic orientation of the company (the 'dynamic triangle'). This indicates that policy to support SME's adoption of environmental innovations has to take an integrated form, i.e. addressing and developing competence, networks and strategic orientation of SMEs simultaneously whilst remaining systemic and context sensitive.     

Expectations as a key to understanding actor strategies in the field of fuel cell and hydrogen vehicles

Due to its environmental impact, the mobility system is increasingly under pressure. The challenges to cope with climate change, air quality, depleting fossil resources imply the need for a transition of the current mobility system towards a more sustainable one. Expectations and visions have been identified as crucial in the guidance of such transitions, and more specifically of actor strategies. Still, it remained unclear why the actors involved in transition activities appear to change their strategies frequently and suddenly. The empirical analysis of the expectations and strategies of three actors in the field of hydrogen and fuel cell technology indicates that changing actor strategies can be explained by rather volatile expectations related to different levels. Our case studies of the strategies of two large car manufacturers and the German government demonstrate that the car manufacturers refer strongly to expectations about the future regime, while expectations related to the socio-technical landscape level appear to be crucial for the strategy of the German government.     

智能制造核心企业如何牵头组建创新联合体——来自华为智能汽车业务的探索性案例研究

结合华为智能汽车业务探索性案例研究,提出智能制造核心企业牵头组建创新联合体的过程机理及路径范式,揭示智能制造核心企业在创新联合体形成中的角色和作用机制,即发挥数据赋能的驱动作用,从而实现创新联合体跨界战略网络协同、跨界组织网络协同、跨界资源网络协同、跨界制度网络协同,形成协同演化动态能力,实现产品功能、生产制造及商业模式颠覆式创新。凝练出智能制造核心企业牵头组建创新联合体路径范式：“智能制造核心企业—传统龙头集群企业—超级消费者”交互赋能。结论可拓展数字创新理论及价值共创理论,为传统产学研合作创新联盟数字化转型提供理论指导,为智能汽车领域创新联合体建设及颠覆式创新提供实践指导。     

Strategic Management and the Politics of Production in the Development of Work: A Case Study in a Danish Electronic Manufacturing Plant

After presenting different conceptions of work politics in industrial sociology and sociology of organization, the authors argue that changes in work and technology, and hence the politics of work, may be better comprehended through a concept of the social constitution of the company. Subsequently, this concept is used as a theoretical and methodological basis for an in-depth case study of the processes of social change connected with the introduction of semi-autonomous working groups in a Danish electronic manufacturing plant. It is shown that the historically developed norms and culture of the organization - referred to here as the social constitution of the company - contribute to the creation of profound, ambivalent attitudes among management as well as workers towards more fundamental changes of work content and organization. Finally, the implications for strategic management for the development of work at the company level are discussed.