Pathways from discovery to commercialisation: using web sources to track small and medium-sized enterprise strategies in emerging nanotechnologies

This paper presents results from a pilot study of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) based on a web-scraping and content analysis of current and archived nanotechnology enterprise websites. We use this approach to explore nanotechnology SMEs transitions from discovery to commercialisation and understand how transitions vary by SME characteristics, technology and market sectors. Our findings suggest that although the idealised linear innovation model is present, important instances of divergence exist. Cluster analysis uncovered sectoral differences but even more distinctions based on the age, funding source, and research intensity.     

Strategic niche management of social innovations: the case of social entrepreneurship

Strategic niche management (SNM), a tool to understand and manage radical socio-technical innovations and facilitate their diffusion, has always departed from a technical artefact. Many radical innovations, however, do not revolve around such an artefact. Social entrepreneurship is a new business model that combines a social goal with a business mentality and is heralded as an important new way to create social value such as sustainability. This study examines if and how SNM can be applied to such a social innovation. It identifies theoretical and practical limitations and proposes solutions. The main conclusion is that SNM can be used to analyse radical social innovation, although it requires rethinking the initial entry point for research and management. Exemplifying quotes are proposed as an alternative. Second, this paper suggests using values to describe niche–regime interaction as a better way to anticipate future niche–regime interactions.     

Establishment and embedding of innovation brokers at different innovation system levels: Insights from the Dutch agricultural sector

In the systems perspective on innovation, co-operation between several different types of actors is seen as key to successful innovation. Due to the existence of several gaps that hinder such effective co-operation, the scientific and policy literature persistently points at the need for intermediary organizations to fulfill bridging and brokerage roles. This paper aims to provide an overview of the insights from the literature on such ‘innovation brokers’, and to contribute to the literature by distilling lines of enquiry and providing insights on one of the lines identified. Taking as an empirical basis experiences with different types of innovation brokers that have emerged in the Dutch agricultural sector, it identifies a number of tensions with regard to the establishment and embedding of such organizations. The paper indicates that, despite being perceived to have a catalyzing effect on innovation, innovation brokers have difficulty in becoming embedded as their clients and/or financiers find it difficult to grasp the nature and value of their activities.     

技术创新战略联盟绩效评价研究

随着经济全球化的不断深入,企业已不再是一个孤立的系统,企业间的界限变得越来越模糊,原有的“企业内部研究和创新”的模式已不再适用,企业需要向外部的思想和知识融合开放,使一切创新资源在企业及相关组织间快速流通和共享.技术创新战略联盟正是在这样的全球化背景下应运而生,它为企业、科研机构提供一种机制,使原来互相竞争的企业达成合作,让过去技术占有方(科研机构)和市场主导方(企业)的资源互通.但由于种种原因,目前对技术创新战略联盟绩效的研究尚属空白.因此,本文结合模糊综合评价法与功效系数法,实行定性判断和定量分析的双重方式,构建技术创新战略联盟绩效考核模型.最后通过实例分析,对模型的科学性和可操作性进行了检验.     

浙江中小企业的战略管理突围

20年来,浙江凭借其先发性体制优势获得了快速的发展,形成了以民营中小企业为主体的发展态势。这种结构,在技术创新、增强经济活力、吸纳社会就业等方面发挥了重要的作用。但是,面对产业升级的挑战及国际化进程加快的新形势,许多中小企业却原地徘徊,给外界以一种“长不大”的感觉。鉴此,以浙江中小企业发展的实际情况为背景,从战略层面对其发展进行剖析并提出相应对策。     

Towards an integrated framework for analysing sustainable innovation policy

An integrated framework for the analysis of sustainable innovation policy was developed, based on a combination of the transition management (TM) framework, the strategic niche management approach, and policy recommendations, resulting from technological innovation system (TIS) studies. In the framework, the multi-level view from TM has been integrated with the functions approach from the TIS literature. The integrated policy framework shows that specific policy goals and measures can be found at the specific points of intervention related to (the interfaces between) landscape, regime, TIS and niches. The integrated framework suggests that stimulation of a TIS only makes sense when this action is well aligned with landscape and regime developments. The framework should be used in empirical studies for further testing and refinement.     

Strategic management implications for the adoption of technological innovations in agricultural tractor: the role of scale factors and environmental attitude

Technological innovations in agricultural tractors have revolutionised farming, increased labour productivity and reduced operator's hazards. The purpose of this paper is to analyse the relation between agricultural tractors’ technological innovations and farm size, as well as users’ attitude on environmental impact of agricultural tractors according to their age and years of activity in the farm. Results, concerning Italy, highlight that high technological innovations of tractors are associated to larger farms, which are managed professionally by more efficient and sophisticated agricultural machineries. Empirical evidence also shows that the older the tractor adopters are and the longer they have been working in agriculture, the higher is their commitment to environment protection and safe working conditions. These results could be important for critical strategic management implications to spur technological innovation in agricultural tractors that better satisfy farmer's needs and to support the fruitful adoption of innovations for an efficient and safe modern agriculture.     

国外战略管理研究的新动向

随着科学技术的迅速发展,战略管理的研究也出现了新的趋势。从战略管理理论学派、历史演化、战略选择以及战略管理工具4个方面阐明了国外学者研究的新动向。     

中小企业战略管理:理论述评及初步分析框架

传统企业战略理论主要以大企业为研究对象,难以有效指导中小企业战略实践及其可持续成长。促进中小企业成长需要高度重视中小企业战略管理。本文基于国内外学者对中小企业战略管理所做的研究,分别从中小企业战略计划、战略选择、战略执行、战略变革、企业家和中小企业战略等方面对中小企业战略管理理论做出述评,建立了中小企业战略管理的初步分析框架,并指出我国中小企业战略管理研究应该关注转型经济情境、企业家能力和成长型中小企业的战略实践等三方面重要问题。     

浅析战略管理会计与企业竞争战略

企业面临的竞争日趋激烈,传统管理会计已不能适应企业发展的要求。随着企业管理由职能管理向战略管理转变,战略管理会计应运而生。战略管理会计是管理会计的一个新的发展方向,是推动企业盈利和持续发展的有力工具。对战略管理会计所涉及的企业经营战略问题进行多维度分析,有利于企业正确制定战略对策。     

The use and development of indicators for the commercialisation of university research in a national support programme

Governments in most countries have set up specialised programmes to support the commercialisation of academic research. A key challenge is to develop indicators that are able to measure operation and impact. This study shows how different indicators are used to satisfy different stakeholders of a Norwegian support programme. Policy intervention is supposed to lead to additionality related to input, behaviour and output. While the support programme uses input and behavioural measures as strategic tools for its operation, policy makers are mostly preoccupied with output measures. This study illustrates how indicators develop over time, partly co-evolving with the development of the programme and the national commercialisation infrastructure. Indicators serve as incentives for the agents involved, but they may also influence the strategies of the programme that established them. The external signalling effect of indicators remains central, while its use in daily operations becomes less important with time and experience.     

Diffusion of organisational innovations: an empirical test of an analytical framework

Alänge, Jacobsson, and Jarnehammar (1998) presented an analytical framework for studying the diffusion of organisational innovations, based on the developments in literature on technical innovations and their diffusion. The aim of this paper is to examine the validity of the framework. Two exploratory case studies were carried out on the diffusion of the organisational innovation TQM. The case studies showed that the framework is a useful tool for studying the diffusion of organisational innovations. However, factors such as learning processes on a national and international level and the role of fads need further consideration. In addition, factors needed for a long-term commitment such as boards and owners and internal political and cultural systems need to be further investigated. The paper also presents a model for analysing the different phases in a diffusion process.     

Impact of firm size and industry type on R&D efficiency throughout innovation and commercialisation stages: evidence from Korean manufacturing firms

Technological innovation through R&D is a critical element in enhancing and fostering firm performance. In particular, measurement of R&D efficiency throughout the innovation and commercialisation stages is important. However, almost of R&D efficiency-related studies assumed that R&D is a single stage. This study aims at analysing relative efficiency scores throughout the stages of the R&D process using a two-stage data envelopment analysis (DEA) model with a sample of 1039 Korean manufacturing firms. Based on our preliminary results, this study was extended by comparing subsample groups categorised by firm size and industry type. The key findings include: (1) firms show imbalanced R&D efficiency throughout the two stages and (2) R&D efficiency is different by firm size and industry type. The empirical results and findings may assist policy- and decision-makers to enhance R&D efficiency at the firm level. Moreover, introduction of the two-stage DEA model and comparative analysis methods to firm-level data contributes to scholars.     

产业技术创新战略联盟冲突对联盟企业创新绩效的影响

将产业技术创新战略联盟中的冲突划分为联盟过程冲突、联盟任务冲突和联盟关系冲突,提出3种类型的冲突与联盟企业创新绩效间影响关系的假设,并利用调研数据对假设进行验证。实证结果表明:联盟过程冲突和关系冲突总体上对联盟企业的创新绩效具有阻碍作用;任务冲突对联盟企业的创新绩效具有双向的影响作用。     

基于熵权值法的企业战略风险测量——中国钢铁企业的经验研究

在对战略风险的内涵和特征进行重新界定的基础上,引入熵权值法,将之作为企业战略风险测量方法的拓展,并以我国钢铁企业为例,给出了应用熵权值法进行企业战略风险评估的过程,最后总结了该方法的优缺点。     

Strategic niche management: towards a policy tool for sustainable development

Strategic niche management (SNM) is a recently developed approach that could help induce a broad socio-technical transition towards more sustainable development. It is designed to facilitate the introduction and diffusion of new sustainable technologies through protected societal experiments in fields such wind energy, biogas, public transport systems, electric vehicle transport and eco-friendly food production. A major challenge in SNM concerns the processes by which such experiments can evolve into viable market niches and ultimately contribute to a broader shift towards sustainable development. This paper sheds more light on this issue by systematically consolidating the main SNM studies, and by bringing in new insights from the literature that is in some sense complementary to SNM. These are studies on the development and commercialisation of radical innovations in large companies, and literature about infant industry protection and broader industrialisation processes in developing countries. A number of suggestions for implementing SNM are given.     

河南创新系统建设的战略构想

创新是现代企业和经济活力之源,加快创新系统建设是迎接知识经济挑战的必然选择。在剖析创新系统的核心内容的基础上,提出了河南创新系统建设的战略原则与推进模式。     

战略视角下的人力资源开发

本文总结了战略人力资源管理不同学派人力资源开发的特点。通用学派认为,人力资源开发活动应与其他各项人力资源实践相结合,人力资源开发活动应该对环境做出及时反应;权变学派直接把人力资源开发放到组织战略层次上考虑,并具体指出人力资源开发应该如何与其他人力资源战略相结合;资源学派强调能力的提升来自于经验学习,而且学习必须具备灵活性;组织能力学派认为,人力资源开发要按照企业的未来需求提前进行战略部署,强调实际学习能力的开发。本文最后对战略人力资源管理条件下的人力资源开发重新进行了界定。     

基于战略生态位管理的包容性创新——针对北京市住宅产业化的案例研究

以战略生态位管理的3阶段模型和5阶段模型为理论假设基础,以北京市住宅产业化创新应用为案例,通过扎根研究,探讨了政府、研究机构以及产业链上各企业如何通过创新生态系统为包容性创新构建技术生态位的保护性空间,并最终形成市场生态位。通过3层编码分析,梳理了战略生态位管理过程,并建立了包含6个核心要素的战略生态位管理模型,并将北京市住宅产业化技术创新的战略生态位管理过程分为3个阶段,即包容性与技术相结合、建立社会网络、市场生态位和嵌入式关系形成。     

战略管理会计：企业竞争的现实需要

随着现代科技的高速发展,全球性竞争加剧,企业不得不站在全球高度,选择以战略管理为导向的管理模式,不断根据环境做出适当调整,以谋求企业与环境的协调与均衡,从而获取整体竞争优势。战略管理对传统管理会计提出了挑战,迫切要求传统管理会计更新观念,尤其是对战略决策信息的提供,要求提供更为广泛、更有用的与战略管理相关的信息。战略管理会计的应运而生就成为这种需求的必然产物。本文分析了企业实行战略管理会计的必要性,阐述了战略管理会计与企业核心竞争力的关系,旨在为现代企业实施战略管理会计提供指导,以提升企业核心竞争力,实现可持续发展。