企业集团能否改善政府补贴对创新产出的激励作用——来自战略性新兴产业上市公司的经验证据

基于2010—2017年中国战略性新兴产业上市公司研究样本和手动匹配的企业集团信息,对政府补贴如何影响企业创新产出进行研究,并进一步考察企业集团在该影响路径中的作用。研究表明,政府补贴对战略性新兴企业创新总产出具有显著促进作用。进一步依据研发及技术难度,将创新产出划分为高质量创新产出和策略性创新产出,发现相同情况下政府补贴仅能促进企业策略性创新产出增加,无法对高质量创新产出发挥显著作用。将企业集团纳入分析框架后发现,企业集团通过内部市场优势使得政府补贴对企业创新总产出激励作用更显著,还使得政府补贴在企业高质量创新产出方面发挥显著促进作用。     

中国企业孵化的空间溢出效应——来自35个大中城市的实证研究

区域创新基础深刻影响科技创业过程,空间网络化联结以及信息技术渗透又使得企业孵化要素呈跨区域流动特征。目前关于企业孵化投入产出的研究忽略了空间相关性,导致研究结果出现偏误。超越组织边界的合作使得企业孵化过程呈现叠加效应,推动跨区域合作;而创业项目的争夺又引发区域竞争,形成企业孵化过程中的创新溢出屏障。因此,企业孵化过程是否存在溢出效应是一个值得探讨的议题。运用空间计量分析方法,基于2009-2016年空间面板数据,从基础设施、资金条件、研发水平以及创业经验4个维度分析中国企业孵化的作用机制,进一步从空间地理特征和社会经济特征两方面构建空间权重矩阵,并运用空间面板数据模型分析中国企业孵化过程的空间溢出效应。研究发现,企业孵化过程存在明显的空间溢出效应,地理区位特征与社会经济特征均对企业孵化和空间相关性产生影响。其中,社会经济特征作用显著,四要素的跨区域流动发挥了不同程度的杠杆作用。最后,分别从企业孵化器定位、企业孵化产业、企业孵化政策制定以及企业孵化创新绩效4个方面提出引导科技创业资源合理流动以及提高企业孵化产出的对策建议。     

Greenhouse gas emission reduction potentials in air transport: a structural equation modelling-based multi-group analysis

In this study, we used a structural equation modelling (SEM) approach to identify the key factors that influence greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reduction potentials in air transport (ERPAT). We explored the correlations among constructs from the perspectives of aviation GHG emission reduction. Organisation type is one of the contextual factors that may change the nature of these correlations. Person- and self-administered questionnaires were used to collect data from 249 aviation experts. The results obtained using SEM showed that aircraft technology and design, aviation operations and infrastructure, socio-economic and policy measures, and alternative fuels and fuel properties are the key factors for reducing GHG emission. Conclusively, organisation type can help in controlling the relationship among the constructs. Thus, organisation type acts as a moderator in the research model. The outputs can be used to measure the level of knowledge and understanding regarding ERPAT and can provide policy-makers, government organisations, and airlines with valuable information for designing appropriate air transport policies for emission reduction.     

Innovation performance across Europe

The innovation performance of firms is primarily determined by their own innovative activities and the interaction with their innovation-related environment. This environment typically differs among countries. We assess empirically these differences on firms' innovation performance. To that end we first estimate the relationship between an aggregate innovation input measure and an aggregate innovation output measure, thereby explicitly controlling for structural differences between countries. We then consider the extent to which firms located in a particular country perform better or worse than this estimated benchmark performance. The analysis is based on a panel dataset that we have constructed from Eurostat's first and second Community Innovation Survey. In order to control for possible data contamination we employ an outlier-robust estimator. It appears that among the fourteen countries considered Italy, Germany and Ireland offer an environment that facilitates most the transformation of innovation-related inputs into commercial outputs while the environment in Denmark is the least facilitating.     

Density and Integration Effects on Class I U.S. Freight Railroads

We investigate some technological aspects of railroading relevant to the debate on open access by estimating a multiproduct cost function with both operational outputs and infrastructure maintenance outputs. We find strong cost complementarities among operational outputs, but not between operations and infrastructure. The latter result implies that at the levels of output that characterize freight rail operations in the U.S. there may be no inherent technological advantages from vertical integration. The former suggests though (for reasons that we develop below) that competitive access alone will not necessarily lead to competitive outcomes in rail freight markets.     

文化产业园区创新要素、创新环境与创新绩效：一个有调节的中介作用模型

文章基于产业集聚的观点,以创意人才为研究对象,探讨文化园区创新要素对创新绩效的影响机制,并探究创新环境的中介作用,检验政策配置的调节作用。建立基于文化产业园区创新要素与创新绩效的调节中介作用模型,运用问卷调查进行实证分析。结果表明：(1)创新要素对创新环境具有显著正向影响,但创新要素的三个维度中,社会网络、个人成长对创新绩效影响不显著;(2)创新要素中的信息共享与知识溢出维度和创新绩效直接显著,而个人能力通过创新环境中介作用影响创新产出;(3)政策配置在创新环境和创新绩效的中介效应中起到正向调节作用,政策支持力度越高对创新产出的影响越大。因此,政府应该引导建立以创新为导向的要素集聚,通过营造良好的创新氛围,完善社会网络结构,降低区域的创新阻力,进而提升文化创造力的集聚与外溢能力。     

创业企业何以提高创新绩效——基于创业学习与商业模式创新协同联动视角的QCA方法

以150个创业企业为样本，基于创业学习和商业模式创新理论，运用模糊集定性比较分析方法（fsQCA），探究经验学习、认知学习、新颖型商业模式创新和效率型商业模式创新对创新绩效的影响路径及机制。研究发现，存在新颖型商业模式创新等4条创新绩效产出关键路径；相较于效率型商业模式创新，新颖型商业模式创新在关键路径中更容易提高创新绩效；利用QCA方法证实了影响创业企业创新绩效的组态内部各要素之间的替代性。结论丰富了创新绩效产出内部机制，可为创业企业提高创新绩效提供指导和借鉴。     

科技金融、企业创新投入与产出耦合协调度及不协调来源

运用耦合协调模型对中国省域科技金融、企业创新投入与产出的耦合协调度进行测度，结果显示，除北京外的中国内地省域耦合协调度整体偏低。进一步运用DEA模型进行测度发现：初始创新投入系统中各要素无效率省域分布比较复杂，企业创新禀赋无效率均值最高；创新中间产出与投入系统中，发明专利与商标权产出有效率，但以此作为中间投入的无效率均值高、省域分布广；最终产出系统中，某些省域新产品销售收入产出不足和技术市场成交额产出不足情况比较突出。据此提出创新初始投入系统协调发展观、创新中间投入与产出质量观和创新最终产出知识产权盈利模式观，以改善创新投入与产出不协调的状况，助力企业转型升级。     

Direct and configurational paths of open innovation and organisational agility to business model innovation in SMEs

ABSTRACT

Discussions on opportunities and enablers have remained lacking despite the continued growth of business model innovation (BMI) research. In order to investigate the formation mechanism of BMI in small-medium enterprises (SMEs), we proposed an integrated model, which included factors derived from organisational internal resources and capabilities via the resource-based view (RBV) and dynamic capabilities view (DCV). Structural equation model (SEM) and fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) were utilised to test the survey data collected from 245 SMEs in China. SEM results support the hypotheses, except that on the impact of outbound open innovation on market capitalising agility and on BMI. The fsQCA analysis revealed that four configurations of open innovations and organisational agilities can sufficiently explain high levels of BMI, and two configurations of these factors lead to low BMI. The theoretical and practical implications of such findings were also provided.     

Terms of trade movements and the global economic crisis

Dramatic changes in the relative prices of goods in international trade have accompanied, and indeed preceded, the recent global crisis. The causes and effects of the relative price changes are analysed by applying the analysis of business cycles developed by Joseph Schumpeter. Schumpeter’s analysis emphasises innovation and structural change (particularly creative destruction) which impart uneven development on the economy and can foster financial crises. This puts the current crisis in the context of long-wave development of the capitalist system and leads to predictions about the likely path of price and output changes over the next few decades.     

基于互联网的平台型企业商业模式创新研究述评

在对近年来发表的国内外关于平台型企业商业模式创新研究文献进行回溯的基础上,分析了平台企业内涵,并在给定商业模式创新内涵的基础上,对基于互联网平台企业商业模式创新路径、特征和关键成功要素进行了详细分析,构建了平台企业商业模式创新理论框架模型,为下一步深入研究奠定了坚实基础。     

基于全球创新指数的中国创新能力现状及影响因素分析

深入了解中国创新能力现状，对于推进创新型国家建设具有重要意义。基于《全球创新指数报告（GII）》2013-2017年数据，分析中国跻身创新型国家行列的发展历程，并将中国与创新领先型国家、其它金砖国家进行对比，以进一步明确其在全球创新版图中的位置。研究发现，伴随中国创新能力逐步提升，其对全球创新格局的影响力不断扩大，但也存在一些制约因素，如制度环境、创意产出、市场成熟度，进而提出消除创新障碍的政策建议。     

国际人才流入、社会资本对创新效率的影响

构建随机前沿模型，基于2000-2015年中国内地30个省市（除西藏外）数据，分析国际人才流入、社会资本对中间产出及最终产出两类创新效率的影响。研究发现：①相比资本投入，劳动投入对两类创新效率的影响更大；②国际人才流入对两类创新效率均具有正向影响，且对中部（最终产出）、西部（中间产出）影响更大；③认知型社会资本对两类创新效率均呈显著负向影响，东中西部存在差异性，结构型社会资本对最终产出创新效率具有显著负向影响，东部则相反；④国际人才流入对两类创新效率的影响均与认知型社会资本和结构型社会资本有关；⑤最终产出创新效率远低于中间产出创新效率，两者均呈东-中-西下降趋势。     

基于地区差异分析的中国技术创新产出研究

为了对我国区域技术创新产出能力有一个全局性的了解,通过因子分析发现技术创新产出可分解为自主创新产出和短期应用产出两类。为进一步找到这两类产出的地区性差异,在分析影响创新产出的决定因素的基础上,构建了科学的科技供需计量分析模型,利用此模型测算了我国地区科技供需基本情况。最后,对地区创新产出能力和地区科技供需特征之间的关系进行了实证研究。结果表明:我国地区自主创新产出与当地科技高供给有强相关性,而与当地是否有科技需求关联性不强,这说明地区科技发展还未进入以需求为主导的阶段。而在短期科技应用上,如科技贸易,科技转让,各地区间没有明显的差异。需要解决的普遍性问题是如何完善科技市场化机制,促进研发与应用的良性循环。     

企业网络、大数据能力与商业模式创新机制研究 ——基于fsQCA方法的实证分析

商业模式创新是企业竞争优势的重要来源,在当前激烈竞争的环境下,企业间竞争不仅是产品竞争,更是商业模式竞争。基于组态视角和集合论思想,从企业网络与大数据能力匹配视角,运用模糊集定性比较分析fsQCA方法,对15家新零售企业商业模式创新案例进行研究,构建新零售企业商业模式创新匹配模型。结果发现,有4类促进新零售企业商业模式创新的牵引条件构型：网络体系建立助力型、资源整合能力促进型、深度分析能力弥补型和信息资源共享推动型,且每条路径间存在等效性。结论丰富了商业模式创新领域研究,可为企业实施商业模式创新提供理论支持和借鉴。     

基于区块链的商业模式创新：价值主张与应用场景

随着比特币等数字加密货币的逐渐兴起,作为一种全新的分布式基础架构与计算范式,区块链技术已引起政府、企业和市场高度重视。区块链技术具有去中心化、公开透明、可追溯和不可篡改、高度自治等特点,正在催生商业领域新商业模式。首先,基于区块链技术特点,分析区块链下商业模式的独特价值主张,即基于数据、信息等虚拟元素的价值创造,其商业模式创新关键要素是信任。其次,基于区块链3种不同部署方式：私有链、联盟链及公有链,分析商业模式创新主要应用场景,即企业层面、产业链层面与全社会层面应用场景以及相对应的企业创新案例,为探寻区块链时代商业模式创新切入点提供了一个初步分析框架。     

ASSESSING THE RELATIVE PERFORMANCE OF UNIVERSITY TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER IN THE US AND UK: A STOCHASTIC DISTANCE FUNCTION APPROACH

University technology transfer offices (henceforth, TTOs) play a critical role in the diffusion of innovation and the development of new technology infrastructure. Studies of the relative efficiency of TTOs have been based on licensing output measures and data from a single country. In contrast, we present the first cross-country comparison of the relative performance of TTOs, based on stochastic multiple output distance functions. The additional dimension of output considered is the university's propensity to generate start-up companies, based on technologies developed at these institutions. We find that US universities are more efficient than UK universities and that the production process is characterized by either decreasing or constant returns to scale. Universities with a medical school and an incubator are closer to the frontier.     

Innovation and performance – evidence at micro level

This empirical study aims to shed light on the link between innovation and economic performance at micro level. Based on a comprehensive survey among dairy and crop farms in the Netherlands we estimate a structural multi-stage model to deliver evidence on the effect of engagement and investment in innovation on the production of product, process and organizational or marketing innovations as well as on the effect of such innovations on farm level productivity. The results suggest various market and farm behaviour related factors to stimulate an increase in innovation engagement and production. Furthermore, the study reveals that indeed a greater innovation investment per unit (innovation input) leads to a higher probability of producing at least one successful product, process and/or organizational or marketing innovation (innovation output). The production of process and organizational or marketing related innovation leads to significant productivity gains. Various recommendations towards a more effective and efficient innovation policy are finally given.     

Stimulating creative entrepreneurial initiatives: a flow diagram for strategic planning

This paper contributes to the organisational study of the creativity applied to business innovation through the analysis of three propositions: (1) there are substantial differences between Creative Entrepreneurial Initiatives (CEIs) and non-CEIs, with regard to human capital factors, structural capital factors, intellectual property, and creative value chain; (2) there are institutional, financial, and educational barriers that limit the creation of CEIs in South Europe (Portugal, France, and Spain); and (3) the adaptation of organisational measures of stimulus to the specificity of CEIs through a flow diagram can reduce the limiting effect of the barriers detected by CEIs. From this approach, researchers and policy-makers can obtain a better understanding of the specificities of the CIEs from a sectoral, strategic, and organisational focus.