Effects of M&As on innovation performance: empirical evidence from Chinese listed manufacturing enterprises

With the acceleration of the economic globalisation process, worldwide market competition is becoming increasingly intense. To remain impregnable in face of fierce competition, Merger and Acquisition (M&A) become the important means to obtain technology, gain core competitiveness, and increase market share. Therefore, studying the effects of M&As on innovation performance has a certain practical significance. With a sample of 96 M&A events of Chinese listed manufacturing enterprises from 2004 to 2011, we find that horizontal M&A and conglomerate M&A can reduce innovation performance, while vertical M&A has no significant effect thereon. Technological M&A has a positive effect on the innovation performance of the acquiring firm, while the effect of non-technological M&A thereon is negative. In technological M&As, entered technological M&A will lower innovation performance, complementary technological M&A can increase innovation performance, while upgraded technological M&A has no significant effect on innovation performance.     

Becoming an acquirer and becoming acquired

This paper considers mergers and acquisitions (M&A) in Finland. We explain the likelihood that a firm acquires or is acquired by another firm. We try to find out whether the incidences of M&A are influenced by the firms' R&D activity, measured by the calculated R&D stock. We obtained a very robust result, which says that R&D stock increases the probability that a firm acquires in all industries. In the nonprocessing industries, R&D stock similarly increases the probability that a firm is acquired by another. In the processing industries, the firm's own R&D stock has, however, zero impact on the likelihood that another firm buys a firm concerned. We interpret these results indicating that M&A are used as instruments to transmit knowledge from one firm to another. In the nonprocessing industries, it is evident that knowledge capital cumulated in the target is the main motivation for the purchase. Then a buyer's own R&D—which also increases the probability of the trade—signals that a buyer is efficient in absorbing the purchased new technology. In the processing industries, the motive for acquisition is different. We discovered that in the processing industries, technology is rather transmitted from the buyer's firm than to the purchased firm. It looks like that, in these industries, the firms have decreased their unit costs by means of their R&D activity, and so through M&A, the appeared unit cost differences have been levelled.     

并购情境下基于智力资本整合的技术追赶机理 ———沈阳机床并购德国希斯案例分析

跨国并购被认为是后发企业获取创新资源实现技术追赶的有效捷径。对被并方资源形式拥有并不等于技术能力提升,有效内化并购资源才能支持后发企业技术能力跃升。但文献对“并购-技术追赶”的资源整合的动态机制缺乏充分理论解释。将沈阳机床并购德国希斯的整合实践作为案例样本,借鉴与组织技术转移和创新关联性较强的“智力资本”概念体系,探索基于并购的“智力资本整合-技术追赶”内在机理。研究发现：(1)基于并购的技术追赶遵循“吸收模仿-集成创造-主导领先”发展路径;(2)“并购追赶”导向下智力资本整合呈现“人力资本整合主导-社会资本整合主导-组织资本整合主导”演进轨迹;(3)智力资本整合效应呈现“逆向吸收效应-多元融合效应-能力重构效应”动态转变。     

略论政府规制与外资并购——基于技术转移和市场结构的分析

通过构建一个政府参与外资并购的古诺模型,论证了政府规制外资并购对跨国公司技术转移的负效应和东道国市场结构调节的正效应.指出我国政府在制定外资并购的规制政策时,需要综合权衡规制对技术转移和市场结构两方面的影响,并着眼本国具体行业的实际情况,选择适宜的规制方式,从而最大限度地利用外资并购,提升我国企业的竞争力.     

Human capital and firms’ innovation: evidence from emerging economies

ABSTRACT

We explore the relationship between human capital and firms’ innovation in emerging economies. Most papers consider the formal knowledge developed in R&D laboratories as a major source of innovation. However, a critical portion of knowledge required for innovation resides in human resources and is created outside any formalised R&D activity. We consider that, to improve their technological capabilities, firms should invest in different forms of human capital, namely highly educated workforce and experienced managers, but also in strategic human resource (HR) practices aimed at developing human capital by increasing employees’ firm-specific technical skills and competences. Besides looking at the type of innovation outcomes, we place greater emphasis on the strategies of innovation development, as these should signal an improved firms’ ability, not just to innovate, but to put their own creative effort in the development of innovation. Our results contrast with the traditional view of firms in emerging economies as mainly relying on the external acquisition of innovations, by showing their actual ability to develop new technologies. In this respect, HR practices aimed at fostering employees’ learning and autonomy at work appear more important than the educational attainment of workers, whilst the experience of managers does not seem effective.     

The role and contribution of networks in M&A of innovative ventures: can lessons learned from networks of Israeli start-ups be applied by China?

Networks’ impact on business outcome is documented in various theories. We examined the role of specific actors in the networks of successful Israeli technology ventures and identified the actor's contribution during early, advanced, and merger and acquisition (M&A) stages. A mixed qualitative–quantitative method was applied to collect insight and data from 185 founder-entrepreneurs who exited via M&A. A name generator-interpreter technique was used to obtain details on the role and contribution of 768 actors. Our findings pointed to the influential role of actors such as Venture Capitalists , angels, board members, and multinational firms, as well as the vital contribution of foreign actors, during M&A transactions. We further draw implications to illustrate that, if applied, lessons learned from sell-side acquired ventures can benefit Chinese companies in their quest to acquire innovation via M&A. We suggest that the understanding of networks practiced by acquired ventures can increase buyers’ accessibility and visibility to target opportunities and improve M&A outcomes.     

企业并购绩效研究方法的分类探讨

企业并购绩效研究基本按照两条主线来展开的：即检验重组样本公司在存在并购事项下股票市场对此的反应和检验并购对样本公司经营业绩的影响。本文首先分析了国外国内企业并购绩效研究的基本方向、意义和影响；其次对研究企业并购绩效的预测目标公司一般特征法、围绕并购事项展开法和并购前后公司长期业绩比较法，进行了梳理和综述，分析了不同研究方法的假设前提与适用性；最后，提出了国内外关于企业并购绩效研究存在的主要不足。     

创业导向的企业并购行为与并购类型研究

创业导向并购战略是新创企业发展采用的探索性扩张战略。以大富科技为例,在分析企业创业导向并购行为产生机理的基础上,根据企业并购目的,定义了3种不同类型的创业导向并购行为,分别为基于开拓新市场的创业导向并购、基于进入新行业的创业导向并购以及基于深化工艺和系统支持的创业导向并购。在此基础上,总结归纳了3种创业导向并购对象选择因素及其特征,丰富了创业导向战略相关研究内容。     

The causal effect of religious piety on shareholder wealth: evidence from acquirer returns and historical religious identification

Prior research shows that religion promotes honesty. Honesty in turn motivates managers to view an expropriation from shareholders as self-serving, opportunistic and unethical, thereby alleviating the agency conflict. Religious piety is thus expected to discourage agency-driven acquisitions that reduce shareholder wealth. We exploit the variation in religious piety across US counties (and states) and show that firms located in a more religious environment are indeed less likely to make poor acquisitions, measured by the stock market reactions to the acquisition announcement. To draw a causal inference, we use historical religious piety as far back as 1952 as our instrument. The two-stage least squares (2SLS) analysis confirms that religious piety induces firms to make better acquisitions. Our analysis based on propensity score matching also corroborates the conclusion.     

Devaluation and pass-through in indebted and risky economies

This paper develops a structural general equilibrium model to analyse the pass-through from devaluation to producer and consumer prices in Emerging Market Economies (EMEs). Simulation analysis shows that balance-sheet effects created by capital market imperfections and the home bias shrink the impact of devaluation on both types of internal prices. This finding helps explain why pass-through to internal prices is low in EMEs. It also shows that, for benchmark values of the parameters, devaluation remains a good device to modify the real exchange rate and to mitigate the negative impact of external shocks in EMEs.     

Concentration and Multinationality in European Manufacturing: What’s the Effect on Productivity?

Using the time comparable matrix data from Sleuwaegen and Veugelers (2001), this paper investigates the impact of concentration and intra-EU distribution of multinational production on productivity growth in European manufacturing. In line with previous research, our estimation results indicate that market structure is indeed an important determinant. Productivity growth is significantly reduced through increasing concentration, while it is increased in industries with growing competitive pressure, e.g. from import penetration. The increasing intra-EU dispersion of multinational production likewise fosters productivity growth: Multinational firms promote technological change and transfer their firm-specific assets across countries.JEL codes: L11, F23     

新兴市场经济国家腐败对经济影响研究:基于1995-2008年实证分析

当学术界观点一致强调腐败将为国家经济发展带来巨大不良后果的同时,新兴市场经济国家却以经济快速增长且腐败较为严重的情况展现于世人。本文拟透过实证分析,以人均GDP增长率作为因变量,探讨可能影响经济发展的变量,如实际国内固定资产增长率、就业人口增长率、中学入学率、政治稳定程度、腐败程度等,探究在新兴市场经济国家中,这些因素,特别是腐败对经济增长有何影响。