消费者视野中的企业社会责任--关于企业社会责任的消费者调研

消费者愿意对哪些企业的社会责任行为给予更多的支持，是企业界所关心的热点问题。本文揭示了目前中国消费者对企业社会责任的认识，希望能为企业构建社会负责形象提供一点参考。     

Welfare from a benefit viewpoint

Summary Individual welfare is most naturally measured in terms of individual utility but this has the well-known disadvantage that utility levels of different consumers cannot be meaningfully compared. This difficulty is traditionally avoided by using various willingness-to-pay measures, such as compensating and equivalent variation. These measures are based on price changes. This paper develops alternative welfare measures using willingness-to-trade concepts as originally proposed by Dupuit (1844). These measures are based directly on commodity bundle changes. These welfare measures can be represented as integrals under certain inverse demand functions.An important property of the proposed welfare measures studied here is that they can be meaningfully aggregated to form overall welfare measures. These measures in turn directly quantify a compensation criterion. It is shown that competitive prices provide a first-order approximation to the welfare measures. Furthermore a second-order approximation can be found by forming a suitable aggregation of the individual second-order effects.Finally, it is shown that the representations for consumer welfare as integrals under inverse demand curves can be extended to the aggregate measures as well. This then provides a complete complement to traditional measures based on price changes.This research was supported by Grant SES-9022881 from the National Science Foundation. The author wishes to thank Andrew Yates for valuable suggestions on this paper.     

Investment banks' stock ratings,call warrant issuance,and responses from heterogeneous investors: Evidence from Taiwan

We investigate the responses of the different types of investors on stock rating change announcements made by investment banks around call warrant issuances in Taiwan. The unique characteristics of the Taiwan warrants market allow investment banks to make stock rating change announcements around call warrant issuances for the same stocks they rate. In Taiwan, investment banks are also dealers of call warrants, and thus, the profit and loss results from their warrant business are potentially in conflict-of-interest for their stock ratings. Another feature of the Taiwan stock market allows us to disentangle the types of investors initiating the stock trades. We identify three types of investors: institutional investors, experienced retail investors, and ordinary retail investors. Our findings suggest that institutional investors are able to “see-through” the conflict-of-interest in investment banks; experienced investors are able to partially “see-through” the conflict-of-interest, and ordinary retail investors are unable to “see-through” the conflict-of-interest of investment banks.     

Competition over Time-Inconsistent Consumers

How do firms respond to consumers' time inconsistency? This paper studies the optimal design of nonexclusive contracts under competition. It shows that nonexclusivity creates a stark asymmetry between immediate‐costs goods and immediate‐rewards goods. For immediate‐cost goods nonexclusivity does not affect the equilibrium and, when consumers are sophisticated, the efficient allocation is achieved. When consumers are partially naive, the optimal sales tax may be either positive or negative and depends on parameters that are hard to estimate. In the case of immediate‐rewards goods, however, the equilibrium features marginal‐cost pricing and is always inefficient. Moreover, the optimal tax does not depend on the consumers' degree of naiveté and is a function of parameters that are easy to assess.     

Conservation Incentives for Consumers

This paper investigates profit-maximizing conservation incentives of a utility, where the interest in conservation results from prices regulated below the marginal costs of supply and where consumers differ with respect to their subjective time preference. Conventional least-cost planning implies that a program should focus on inefficient consumers (those who apply high discount rates). However, this scheme provokes strategic reactions of the consumers. Hence, incentive-compatible conservation schemes-one tied to efficiency, the other tied to electricity consumption-are derived that differ starkly from the above finding and from actual programs.     

消费者对可追溯食品购买意愿及其影响因素分析——基于730位消费者的实证分析

以广州市和哈尔滨市730位消费者调查问卷为依据,探讨消费者对可追溯食品购买意愿的影响因素,结果表明:多数消费者对可追溯食品缺乏基本的认知与了解;受教育程度、家庭人口数量、有60岁以上老人、食品支出、家庭食品主要购买者等因素仍是决定消费者购买可追溯食品的首要因素;受教育程度是基本因素,它决定了消费者对可追溯食品的认知水平、对实施食品可追溯重要性的评价以及对可追溯食品比不可追溯食品更安全观点的认同,上述认知、评价及相关观点进一步影响了消费者的购买意愿;认证食品消费者心目中的形象淡化了消费者对可追溯食品的感知、削弱了其购买意愿,为此提出了相应的政策建议。     

政策性银行在对外工程承包中的作用

随着我国加入WTO的一天天临近,我国国民经济和外经贸发展的外部环境将发生很大变化。人大九届四中全会通过的《中华人民共和国国民经济和社会发展第十个五年计划纲要》确定了我国将进一步推动全方位、多层次、宽领域的对外开放,同时明确到2005年机电产品出口的比重提高到50%左右,对进一步扩大机电产品出口提出了更高的要求。实施以质取胜、市场多元化、科技兴贸和“走出去”的战略势在必行。贸易自由化、经济全球化的必然趋势也迫使我国企业走出国门,主动迎接全球化的挑战。我国的对外工程承包是在改革开放以后逐步兴起并迅速发展起来…     

e-SQ的消费者信任模型研究

文章以e-SQ的消费者信任相关研究为基础,从消费者角度出发,将e-SQ维度划分为互动性(包括个性化和响应性)、易用性、网站声誉、安全性、虚拟体验和信息质量六个方面,再和感知利益、感知风险、消费者信任和消费者特征一起共同构建了e-SQ的消费者信任研究模型。在模型中,e-SQ各维度分别对感知利益、感知风险和消费者信任产生影响。     

中国金融消费者保护的政策研究

基于金融消费者保护的国内外研究现状,应从以下几方面完善市场中金融消费者保护的具体法律制度:建立基金零售业金融消费者保护的正式制度;机构性监管与功能性监管并重;建立行业标准和可靠的信用评级机制;注重金融消费者保护与金融创新相互协调,等等。     

Monopolistic Screening with Boundedly Rational Consumers*

In this paper, I revisit the monopolistic screening problem with two types assuming that consumers are boundedly rational. Bounded rationality implies that the revelation principle does not apply and the choice of the selling mechanism entails a loss of generality. I show that if the monopolist restricts attention to the mechanisms that offer menus of two choices, the profits are lower than in the case of fully rational consumers by the term of order ln λ/λ, where λ is the degree of rationality of the consumers. The monopolist, however, can approximate the profits earned when consumers are fully rational by using a more elaborate message game.     

论金融消费者的公平金融服务获得权

以农民为代表的低收入个人主体和以小微企业为代表的中小企业主体等大量消费者被排斥于主流金融服务之外,背离了公平正义,影响了社会和谐,不利于社会的可持续发展.与发达国家所处的金融发展阶段不同,我国当前金融消费者保护工作当着力于相对基础一些的公平金融服务获得权,它是化解金融机构相对垄断与金融消费者对其高度依赖之间的矛盾所必需,也是金融机构应当履行更多社会责任的体现.实现金融消费者的公平金融服务获得权,政府的外部干预、立法的健全和完善、工作的重点突出、各项措施的整体推进等都必不可少.     

Crime and benefit sanctions

In this paper we look at the relationship between crime and economic incentives in a different way to other work in the economics of crime field. We look at empirical models where a toughening of the unemployment benefit regime can be used to study how people on the margins of crime may react to changes in economic incentives. We present three sets of complementary evidence, all of which show that toughening the benefit regime can have an unintended consequence, namely increases in crime. The first approach presents quasi-experimental evidence, looking at crime rates in areas of England and Wales before and after the introduction of a new, tougher unemployment benefit programme—the Jobseekers Allowance (JSA)—in October 1996. The second approach considers qualitative evidence on individuals affected by the change in the benefit regime. The third relates changes in area crime rates to post-JSA sanctions. Each of these approaches uncovers evidence of higher crime occurring as a consequence of the benefit reform.

Consistent probability attitudes

In this paper, the principle of meaningful measurement of probabilistic attitudes is revisited. A new principle of consistency in probability attitudes is proposed, which allows for the identification of decision weights completely separate from utility. In the familiar and elegant von Neuman–Morgenstern setup of decision under risk with given objective probabilities, it is shown that, in the presence of standard properties for preferences, adding the new consistency principle leads to rank-dependent utility.     

协调林业生态效益与经济效益的对策选择

我国既是人口大国,又是少林国家,然而经济和社会发展对林业的需求越来越旺盛,并使生态需求成为第一需求。但现实林情是,我国的森林为了生态保护的目的,一棵树不砍也不够用;为了用材的目的,一棵树不留也维持不了多少年。在这种情况下,研究和建立与市场经济相容的、激励与约束相结合的、达到政府与林业微观主体的目标函数趋向一致的林业利益机制,实属当务之急。