后人口红利与经济增长后发优势研究

人口红利问题可以推动中国经济和社会发展的转型。我国总的人口红利仍处于高峰期,但由于东部地区和中西部地区发展极不平衡,人口红利的实现在东部地区和中西部地区表现出时差性,结构性的人口红利正在由东部向中西部地区逐步转移。东部地区的后发优势是通过产业结构升级来获取第二次人口红利,而中西部地区的后发优势是继续实行劳动力转移获得第一次人口红利。因此,应实行地区差别化的政策,形成东部与中西部地区的产业级差梯度,即东部地区以资本技术密集型产业为主,中西部地区以劳动密集型加工业为主。农业现代化可以释放出更多的劳动力,而针对不同年龄劳动力进行培训、给农民工提供保障性住房、营造归属感则是缓解民工荒的长久之策。     

转型期中国经济增长的新源泉:新型人口红利

现代理论研究与经验事实表明,资源禀赋、人口结构的转变都会对一个国家或地区的经济社会发展方式和进程产生重大影响。面对我国长期依赖的资源红利、人口红利与制度红利影响逐渐减弱,经济与社会发展面临重大转型时刻,探寻新的经济增长与发展源泉及其作用机制就变成一个重要而充满挑战的课题。该文从新型人口红利的视角探寻其作为经济增长新源泉的内涵、动力与作用机制。     

中国的人口红利与经济增长

中国经济自改革开放以来经历了30多年的持续高速增长,这是人类历史上主要经济体持续时间最长的一次高速增长。中国经济在30多年增长过程中的一个重要特征是始终伴随着投资的高速增长,资本形成率较高。但这与新古典增长理论是相违背的,新古典增长理论认为投资率的提高仅仅只能提高人均稳态产出水平,不具有     

中国人口红利评价

人口红利出现并被有效利用是中国经济发展的重要因素。及时地掌握人口红利的发展态势对于经济增长具有重要意义。人口红利在国家之间、区域之间、省与省之间表现得不平衡,差异显著。中国抚养负担低的比较优势终将消失。2039年,中国将发生由人口红利向人口负债的重要转变。当前,最紧要的是,要及时认识到人口年龄结构的转变趋势,加大教育和健康投资,通过提高人口质量来应对人口红利日益衰微的趋势。     

中国进入"刘易斯拐点"了吗?——兼论经济增长人口红利说

近年,我国经济生活中出现两大现象,引起人们的普遍关注.一是在部分地区出现农民工短缺,二是经济为什么能长期保持持续高速增长.对此有不同的议论和解释.其中有些"创新"的观点,虽然语出惊人,但并非正确,由此而产生误导,影响到学术界甚至是当局者的决策,有必要加以讨论,澄清是非.     

中国人口转变与人口红利分析

新中国成立以来,中国人口再生产模式经历了从"高生育率、高死亡率"到"低生育率、低死亡率"的人口转变过程。这一人口转变过程为经济增长所带来的有利发展契机,即人口红利主要通过劳动力供给、储蓄率和人力资本三个渠道影响经济增长。只有从这三方面对人口红利问题进行全面考察,才能为经济可持续发展提出科学合理的政策建议。利用"刘易斯拐点"概念来简单判断我国劳动力供给总体状况及变化趋势,或片面强调由劳动人口增长快于消费人口所形成的第一人口红利,都是偏颇的,而由此得出的结论也不能成为调整人口政策的依据。     

劳动力负担与我国经济增长

改革开放以来,劳动力负担的减轻产生了人口红利并促进了中国经济增长。长期而言,劳动力负担每降低1个百分点,促使人均产出增加0.176个百分点。短期而言,劳动力负担对经济增长的作用不显著。劳动力负担对经济增长的效应主要由快速下降的少儿抚养负担解释。但随着少儿抚养负担的稳定和老龄化的加速,未来劳动力负担变化将由老年赡养负担主导,随之引起的经济效应将发生改变。为此,应抓住剩余30年的战略机遇期,利用人口红利期积累的成果迅速推进人口结构优势向质量优势转变。     

人口红利与劳动力短缺

由于民间创业、投资和就业的严重不足,中国的国民经济目前和未来存在着五大失衡。劳动年龄人口增长率,现在已经开始以极快速度下降,同时,在人口结构中,儿童比例将会一直下降,而老年人占人口的比重会一直升高。中国会成为典型的未富先老社会,而且会越来越明显,即使如此中国的劳动力并不短缺。文章将具体分析劳动力不短缺的原因,并对劳动力不短缺条件下出现的民工荒做详细解读。     

人才红利效应与中国经济持续增长

中国经济能够实现高增长,人口红利功不可没。但近年来,人口红利效应已呈现出衰减迹象。这将对中国经济的持续增长带来不利影响,值得认真重视。对此,我们提出,应当未雨绸缪,早作应对,从提高农村剩余劳动力素质、解决就业难问题、培养高层次带头人才以及加快人才管理改革等方面采取措施,积极把中国的人口红利转变为人才红利,为中国经济的长期持续增长提供有力的支撑。     

我国人口红利枯竭及应对措施

人口红利是我国经济近几十年持续快速增长的一个重要因素。出生人口数量的不断下降和老龄化速度的加快导致的人口红利枯竭危机将对我国经济造成严重的危害。因此,本文从抚养比、老龄化和劳动人口年龄结构三个方面对我国人口红利现状进行了分析,并提出应对我国人口红利枯竭的对策建议。     

Population and economic growth with human and physical capital investments

We present a two-sector endogenous growth model with human and physical capital accumulation to analyze the long-run relationship between population growth and real per capita income growth. Formal education and investment in physical capital are assumed to be two separate components of human capital production. Along the balanced growth path equilibrium, population change may have a positive, negative, or else neutral effect on economic growth depending on whether physical and human capital are complementary/substitutes for each other in the formation of new human capital and on their degree of complementarity.

中国经济增长的特征、可持续性与潜在增长率估算:一个综述

在本文通过对中国经济增长的表现特征、可持续性和潜在增长率估算三方面的理论综述,进一步论述了中国经济增长的发展脉络,并在此基础上提出研究中国经济增长理论尚需改进的空间.     

Population and economic growth: Ancient and modern

This paper focuses on the evolution of the relationship between population and economic growth from Hume to New Growth Theory. In this paper, we show that there were two main views on the subject. There were those who assumed that the relationship between fertility rate and income was positive. On the other hand, there were those who raised the possibility that this linkage did not occur, and they emphasised that an increase in income did not necessarily lead to having more children. Following from Hicks’ methodological precept, the paper will show that their position on the issue was related to a socio-economic fact: the sibship size effect. We show that those who took the view that an increase in income leads to the desire to have more children did not take into consideration the sibship size effect, while those maintaining that there existed a negative relationship introduced into their utility function a sibship size effect.     

Population,food, and knowledge: a simple unified growth theory

This paper provides a unified growth theory, i.e. a model that explains the very long-run economic and demographic development path of industrialized economies, stretching from the pre-industrial era to the present-day and beyond. Making strict use of Malthus’ (An essay on the principle of population. London, printed for J. Johnson, 1798) so-called preventive check hypothesis—that fertility rates vary inversely with the price of food—the current study offers a new and straightforward explanation for the demographic transition and the break with the Malthusian era. Employing a two-sector framework with agriculture and industry, we demonstrate how fertility responds differently to productivity and income growth, depending on whether it emerges in agriculture or industry. Agricultural productivity and income growth makes food goods, and therefore children, relatively less expensive. Industrial productivity and income growth, on the other hand, makes food goods, and therefore children, relatively more expensive. The present framework lends support to existing unified growth theories and is well in tune with historical evidence about structural transformation.      

Energy efficiency and economic growth of China： 1953-2006

Energy plays an important role in the economic life. With the rapid development of economy, the constraint of energy on the sustainable development of economy is becoming more and more obvious. This paper just Studies the factors influencing energy efficiency of China and the relationship between energy efficiency and China＇s economic： growth. By using time series multivariable linear regression methods with China＇s relevant data from 1953 to 2006, this paper constructs the regression model to analyze the factors that would impact energy, efficiency. After that, a regression model of China＇s real output to capital, labor and energy e lficiency is conducted to estimate the marginal contribution of every factor to the real output to prove the fundamental influence of energy efficiency to the economic growth. In the end, some policies and recommendations are also put forward in order to improve the energy efficiency; of China.     

揭示"制度与增长关系之谜"的一个研究视角——基于中国经济转型与经济增长关系的实证研究(1978-2004)

本文通过对中国经济转型与经济增长之间的实证研究,发现经济增长是直接推动经济体制转型深化的内在动力,而经济转型虽然对经济增长有长期的影响作用,但这种作用却不是决定性的.在制度与增长二者关系中,制度虽然是影响增长的长期重要因素,但这种影响却不是决定性的;而恰恰相反,增长对制度的影响却是决定性的.这说明制度创新在增长的大背景中更易达到,而中国改革成功的经验也充分证明了这一点.     

马克思没有"一般生产劳动"范畴

我们认为,马克思没有提出所谓的"一般生产劳动"范畴.全世界经济学界对于马克思生产劳动理论的百年误解都源于这个令人难以置信的误读.由此,可以得到三个"无关论":(1)生产劳动理论与劳动价值理论无关;(2)生产劳动理论与国民经济核算理论无关;(3)生产劳动理论与三次产业划分理论无关.     

Scale effects in Schumpeterian models of economic growth

Early models of Schumpeterian growth incorporate scale effects predicting that large economies grow faster than small economies, and that population growth causes accelerating per capita income growth. An absence of clear empirical evidence for these scale effects has led some researchers to question the foundations underlying the Schumpeterian approach to growth. This paper reviews empirical evidence on the relationship between scale and growth, and recent attempts to construct Schumpeterian growth models without scale effects.     

Effect of total resource allocation effect and economic growth：Chinese experience of 1978-2004

The analytical method of total resource reallocation effect is an evolution of the analytical method of the factors of economic growth. Since the marketization reform in China in 1978, market mechanism has played a more and more important role in resource allocation, and Chinese economy has developed greatly, which is called ＂the Chinese Miracle＂. This paper analyzes the economic growth in China from 1978 to 2004 with the analytical method of total resource reallocation effect. The result shows that the annual growth rate of total resource reallocation effect was 0.2%, which was 5.1% of the comprehensive productivity and 0.21% of the gross output growth, i.e. the total resource allocation played a weak role in the economic growth in China. When analyzing it in Chenery＇s multinational model, we find that Chinese comprehensive productivity growth rate was higher than that in all the income phases of the model, but the total resource allocation effect was obviously lower than that in all the income phases of the model. It indicates that the total resource allocation in China has a great potential, and that to accelerate marketization reform is one of the important issues for Chinese economic development.     

新型数字基础设施、空间溢出与经济增长

为探究新型数字基础设施对经济增长的影响,本文首先将新型数字基础设施资本存量及其拥挤性纳入总量生产函数,构建动态一般均衡模型,从理论上探讨新型数字基础设施对经济增长的影响;其次,对2002—2020年我国各省（市、区）的新型数字基础设施进行测算和分析;最后,构建静态面板数据模型和空间面板模型,实证检验新型数字基础设施对经济增长的影响。结果表明,新型数字基础设施对经济增长的影响呈现“倒U型”变化,新型数字基础设施对经济增长具有显著的空间溢出效应。求解“倒U型”顶点对应的最优基础设施资本存量占总资本存量的比例为48.60%,目前,我国所有省（市、区）均未达到48.60%,意味着加强新型数字基础设施建设将会促进本地区和其他地区经济增长。