Price Formation and Equilibrium Liquidity in Fragmented and Centralized Markets

This paper compares centralized and fragmented markets, such as floor and telephone markets. Risk-averse agents compete for one market order. In centralized markets, these agents are market makers or limit order traders. They are assumed to observe the quotes of their competitors. In fragmented markets they are dealers. They can only assess the positions of their competitors. We analyze differences in bidding strategies reflecting differences in market structures. The equilibrium number of dealers is shown to be increasing in the frequency of trades and the volatility of the value of the asset. The expected spread is shown to be equal in both markets, ceteris paribus. But the spread is more volatile in centralized than in fragmented markets.     

Costly Search and Mutual Fund Flows

This paper studies the flows of funds into and out of equity mutual funds. Consumers base their fund purchase decisions on prior performance information, but do so asymmetrically, investing disproportionately more in funds that performed very well the prior period. Search costs seem to be an important determinant of fund flows. High performance appears to be most salient for funds that exert higher marketing effort, as measured by higher fees. Flows are directly related to the size of the fund's complex as well as the current media attention received by the fund, which lower consumers' search costs.     

中美两国企业债券市场的比较与启示

一、我国与美国两国的企业债券市场比较 美国是世界上金融市场最发达的国家,其债券市场比股票市场产生得早,已有几百年的历史.美国的证券市场是从经营政府债券开始的.     

A Continuous-Time Optimal Insurance Design with Costly Monitoring

We provide a theoretical and numerical framework to study optimal insurance design under asymmetric information. We consider a continuous-time model where neither the efforts nor the outcome of an insured firm are observable to an insurer. The insured may then cause two interconnected information problems: moral hazard and fraudulent claims. We show that, when costly monitoring is available, an optimal insurance contract distinguishes the one problem from the other. Furthermore, if the insured’s downward-risk aversion is weak and if the participation constraint is not too tight, then a higher level of the monitoring technology can mitigate both problems.     

Transparency and Liquidity: A Comparison of Auction and Dealer Markets with Informed Trading

Trading systems differ in their degree of transparency, here defined as the extent to which market makers can observe the size and direction of the current order flow. We investigate whether greater transparency enhances market liquidity by reducing the opportunities for taking advantage of uninformed participants. We compare the price formation process in several stylized trading systems with different degrees of transparency: various types of auction markets and a stylized dealer market. We find that greater transparency generates lower trading costs for uninformed traders on average, although not necessarily for every size of trade.     

中美公司债券市场的比较分析

目前,我国公司债券市场的开放程度较低,其发达程度远远落后于股票市场,这在很大程度上制约了我国证券市场的完善,并使得我国资本市场严重失衡;相比之下,美国有着世界上最发达的公司债券市场。本文通过对中国和美国公司债券市场在市场效率、市场特征、定价机制、评级制度等方面的特征进行比较,分析了制约我国公司债券市场发展的主要因素,并相应提出加大我国公司债券市场的开放程度、规范市场主体、完善公司债券评级制度和定价机制等对策建议。     

A Continuous-Time Analysis of Optimal Restructuring of Contracts with Costly Information Disclosure

This paper studies the role of restructuring, as compared to the one of liquidation, in valuation of long-term debt contracts in a continuous-time model with costly information disclosure. In asset-pricing literature, Merton??s (J Finance 29:449?C470, 1974) contingent-claim models have been long used for valuation of corporate securities and loans. However, since they basically assume sufficiently complete security structures in markets, the literature is not necessarily suitable for examining costly-information problems. On the other hand, in corporate-finance literature, it has been well known that agency costs (i.e., conflicts of interest among agents) distort corporate capital structure under costly-information problems. However, the effect of the distortion on valuation of securities and loans has not been explicitly studied either in theory or in practice. This paper bridges such a gap between the two literatures. This paper shows that, under a costly-information problem, corporate leverage ratios are higher when restructuring is expected to be accepted in default than otherwise. The risk of a jump to liquidation increases the default probability in short term, and decreases the probability of restructuring over time.     

Comparison of Seasonal Anomalies across Major Equity Markets: A Note

This paper reexamines the existence of seasonal anomalies in daily stock prices by integrating seasonal patterns into a single comprehensive model that captures the joint effects of seasonal variations for each of the three major markets. This model incorporates serial correlation and corrects for non-normality by using robust regression techniques. Serial correlation is found to be important, as is the day of the week and the January variable. Furthermore, the Tuesday after a Monday holiday is significant for two markets using the robust technique (but not ordinary least squares). Finally, the day-preceding-a-holiday effect is strongly significant.     

Inflation and Welfare in Retail Markets: Prior Production and Imperfectly Directed Search

This paper considers the effect of monetary policy and inflation on retail markets: goods are dated and produced prior to being retailed; buyers direct their search on price and general quality; buyers’ match‐specific tastes are private information. Sellers set the same price for all buyers, some of whom do not value the good highly enough to buy it. The market economy is typically inefficient as a social planner would have the good consumed. Under free entry of sellers, the Friedman rule is optimal policy. When the upper bound on the number of participating sellers binds, moderate levels of inflation can be welfare improving.     

国库集中支付制度及电子化的国际比较与借鉴

集中支付制度是发达国家普遍采用的一种国库管理模式,美、德、法、日、韩等主要发达国家的国库集中支付制度电子化水平经过多年发展已经较为成熟和完善,值得我们学习和借鉴.本文将对上述国家的国库集中支付制度电子化水平进行概述,以期为我国国库制度发展提供参考.     

Search Frictions,Financial Frictions,and Labor Market Fluctuations in Emerging Markets

This article examines the role of the extensive and intensive margins of labor input in the context of a business cycle model with a financial friction. We document significant variation in the hours worked per worker for many emerging-market economies using manufacturing data. Both employment and hours worked per worker are positively correlated with each other and with output. We show that a search-theoretic context in a small open-economy model requires a small wealth effect to explain these regularities at the expense of a smaller wage response. On the other hand, introducing a financial friction in the form of a working capital requirement can explain the observed movements of labor market variables such as employment and hours worked per worker, as well as other distinguishable business cycle characteristics of emerging economies. These include highly volatile and cyclical real wages, labor share, and consumption.     

我国黄金市场的国际比较和启示

2001年4月,我国开启了黄金市场全面市场化进程。20年来,我国黄金市场取得了令世界瞩目的成绩,交易所规模跻身全球前三甲,黄金市场基本实现“三个转变”。站在新的历史起点,有理由、有必要对标国际一流黄金市场,进一步完善市场建设,提高我国黄金市场的全球影响力。本文从市场规模、产品设计和投资者结构三方面对比国内外黄金市场差异,在此基础上提出发展我国黄金市场的建议,为市场建设提供参考。     

Episodes of Exuberance in Housing Markets: In Search of the Smoking Gun

In this paper, we examine changes in the time series properties of three widely used housing market indicators (real house prices, price-to-income ratios, and price-to-rent ratios) for a large set of countries to detect episodes of explosive dynamics. Dating such episodes of exuberance in housing markets provides a timeline as well as empirical content to the narrative connecting housing exuberance to the global 2008 ?09 recession. For our empirical analysis, we employ two recursive univariate unit root tests recently developed by Phillips and Yu (International Economic Review 52(1):201–226, 2011) and Phillips et al. (2015). We also propose a novel extension of the test developed by Phillips et al. (2015) to a panel setting in order to exploit the large cross-sectional dimension of our international dataset. Statistically significant periods of exuberance are found in most countries. Moreover, we find strong evidence of the emergence of an unprecedented period of exuberance in the early 2000s that eventually collapsed around 2006 ?07, preceding the 2008 ?09 global recession. We examine whether macro and financial variables help to predict (in-sample) episodes of exuberance in housing markets. Long-term interest rates, credit growth and global economic conditions are found to be among the best predictors. We conclude that global factors (partly) explain the synchronization of exuberance episodes that we detect in the data in the 2000s.     

做市商制度选择：股票市场与国债市场差异分析

在我国证券市场引入做市商制度的讨论中,大多数观点拘泥于做市商制度本身,而忽略了其在股票市场和政府债券市场的差异.本文从股票和政府债券的内在特征差异分析入手,对不同类型做市商制度的特点和做法进行了比较,提出了发展完善我国证券市场做市商制度的政策建议.     

中美农产品期货市场流动性比较研究

在梳理已有的关于期货市场流动性研究的基础上,通过对中美农产品期货市场流动性格局、换手率及期货与现货市场规模等比较分析,本文发现我国农产品期货存在以下特点:(1)中期月份合约活跃、且活跃月份不连续;(2)换手率高、且波动性大;(3)期货成交量(或持仓量)与现货规模比基本上远远低于美国同一品种。本文提出针对性建议:(1)应着重引进和培育机构投资者(尤其买方机构投资者和产业客户),改进和完善投资者结构;(2)应创新交易工具和交易方式,引导投资者交易行为由短线交易向中长线交易转变,改进和完善持仓结构;(3)应在有效防范风险前提下,完善梯度风险控制等相关制度,促进活跃月份向近月转移,形成连续月份活跃。     

Comparison of Mean-Risk Efficient Portfolios in Asia-Pacific Capital Markets

In order to analyze the performance of mean-risk efficient portfolios, several methods of portfolio comparison have been developed. In this paper we analyze the second-order stochastic dominance efficiency of portfolios on the mean-risk efficient frontier assuming that the risk is represented by standard deviations and concordance matrices set up on the basis of Pearson's linear correlation, Spearman's rho, or Kendall's tau. Empirical analysis of the market returns of selected Asia-Pacific stock markets is carried out considering both the U.S. dollar and euro as reference currencies, and different periods: before and during the subprime crisis. Measures and portfolios on the mean-risk efficiency frontier that should be of interest to at least one risk-averse investor are empirically documented.     

中日两国不动产市场及价值评估业务的比较

在日本,“不动产”一词的涵义与我国的涵义相同。日本民法中,不动产的定义是土地及其定着物。我国的不动产价值评估在日本被称之为不动产鉴定评价。在日本,不动产鉴定评价就是对土地．建筑物的所有权及其所有权之外的其他各种权利的经济价值进行判定。本文拟对中日两国不动产市场及其价值评估业务作一些分析比较。     

中美可转换债券比较研究

通过对中国和美国的可转换债券市场的规模、条款、风险收益特征和套利机会进行对比分析,结果表明中国可转债市场规模仍远不及美国,尤其对创新性中小企业融资需求的支持上差距更大。中国可转债的条款设计更多替发行人考虑,而较少关注投资者的需求,具有明显的扩股融资动机。从风险收益特征和套利机会来看,发现美国可转换债券市场的债性凸显,股性较弱,而中国可转换债券市场具有偏股性。     

中日证券市场几个重要问题的比较研究

本文系统地比较研究了中国和日本证券市场的多个问题,从数据挖掘和计量经济学角度分别针对价格序列、价格波动性和周内效应三方面对中日证券市场进行分析,得出指数收盘价时间序列比较方面,中国和日本两个证券市场的确存在一定的相似性,但中国市场的短期波动要大于日本市场;中国证券市场中上海和深圳股市的波动具有很强的波动聚类性和持续性,日本证券市场除了过去的方差记忆,还存在其他未知的影响市场变动的因素;周内效应在两国的体现不同等一系列重要结论。