浅析产品缺陷－兼与产品瑕疵比较

产品缺陷是《产品质量法》中一个重要的法律概念，其实质是产品缺乏合理的安全性。其引起的损害赔偿责任的民事侵权责任，以对产品之外的人身或财产有损害为构成要件。承担责任的方式为民事赔偿，主体是生产，销售只有在有过错 的情况下承担责任。产品缺陷与产品瑕疵是两个不同的法律概念，二在判断标准、承担责任的性质、方式、构成及责任主体、索赔途径等方面的有本质区别。     

论产品缺陷的认定标准

19世纪中期以来,随着科技的发展,工业化产品已经深入到人类生活的方方面面。这一方面推动了人类社会的文明和进步,另一方面也带来了日益严重的安全问题,产品安全就是其中之一。在产品责任制度中,产品缺陷是一个焦点问题,因为产品存在缺陷是产品责任的构成要件之一。由此,加强有关产品缺陷的立法更成为重中之重。1993年2月,全国人大常委会颁布了我国第一部全面、系统规定产品质量的法律《产品质量法》,第一次在我国明确了产品缺陷的概念。但是在表述上仍不够精确,这造成了实践中的一定困难,不利于对消费者权益的保护。本文旨在对我国产品缺陷制度进行综合归纳的基础上,分析其存在的问题,并提出相关建议。     

产品责任主体之比较研究

我国法律对产品责任主体的规定很不明确。《产品质量法》规定“受害人”为产品责任的权利主体,“生产者、销售者”为产品责任的义务主体,但没有对“受害人”、“生产者”和“销售者”的范围具体地界定,这对于保护缺陷产品的受害者是很不利的。应完善我国在产品责任法对产品责任主体制度方面的法律缺陷,明确产品责任的权利主体与义务主体。     

浅析产品责任归责原则的内涵

一、侵权责任归责原则的含义 归责的含义不同于责任的概念，它是一个复杂的责任判断过程。侵权责任，是指行为人侵害了他人权利或违反了民事义务而依法应承担的强制性的法律后果，它根源于对绝对权利和法定义务的违反。归责的含义，是指行为人因其行为和物件致他人损害的事实发生以后，应依何种根据使其负责。归责是寻找使行为人承担责任的依据或者基础，解决的是如何分配损害责任的问题。     

浅析产品责任的惩罚性赔偿制度

惩罚性赔偿制度的确立对我国产品责任制度的完善具有重大的意义,本文根据我国的具体国情,分析惩罚性赔偿制度的构成要件和存在意义,讨论惩罚性赔偿与精神损害赔偿之间的关系,确定惩罚性赔偿的幅度、协调相关法律之间的关系,使产品责任的惩罚性赔偿制度发挥最大的价值。     

间谍软件产品责任的法律探讨

随着信息市场的快速发展,一种新型的介于正规计算机软件与病毒软件之间的间谍软件,屡屡扰乱广大计算机用户的正常生活.构成了一系列的侵权行为.我国目前的法律在这一领域缺失,以合同或一般侵权提起诉讼难以充分保护受害人合法权益.必须对间谍软件产品责任进行深入研究,探究间谍软件产品责任的三个构成要件,结合实际情况分析间谍软件产品责任的承担方式.     

试论产品责任的性质及其立法

产品责任是指因产品存在缺陷而引起的损害赔偿责任．作为一种特殊的民事侵权责任,产品责任与产品质量责任、产品瑕疵担保责任有着显著区别．我国现行立法将产品责任、产品质量责任、产品瑕疵担保责任合于一体,混淆了三者的界限应借鉴国际立法经验,就产品责任实行单行立法．     

缺陷产品召回制度法律属性的探究

缺陷产品召回制度基于独特的价值基础突破了传统司法保护特定民事主体权益的模式,成为具备独特功能的独特的法律制度。特别是《缺陷汽车产品召回管理条例》的颁布更进一步完善了我国的缺陷产品召回制度。作为经济法领域产生的一项新制度,在许多国家都已颇为成熟,但我国相关法律依然在初步形成阶段。因此,笔者认为十分有必要在理论层面将此制度进行浅显的剖析,希冀能加深对缺陷产品召回制度法律属性的认识,从而有助于该制度的发展和完善。     

论产品责任案件中责任承担主体

随着市场经济的发展,社会产品极大丰富,人们因使用有缺陷的产品而发生的产品责任案件在近年屡见不鲜。在产品责任案件发生后,哪些主体应当对受害者的损失承担赔偿责任是一个值得探讨的问题。针对产品责任案件中生产者、销售者和维修者的具体不同情况研究其是否应当承担责任。     

制造、销售假冒伪劣产品应承担的民事责任浅析

本文从民事责任的角度,重点分析制造、销售假冒伪劣产品者对被假冒的生产者、销售者应承担的民事赔偿责任以及对消费者应承但的产品瑕疵责任、产品缺陷责任,以期对制造、销售假冒伪劣者的民事责任有个清晰的脉络把握,避免法律适用中的混乱与不惑。     

On the Ethics of Product Placement in Media Entertainment

Abstract

This study examines the ethical propriety of current trends in product placement in television and film entertainment. Historical background for the product placement concept and practice is provided. Changes in the marketing climate that have provided a push for product placement are outlined. A characterization of the product placement industry as it stands today, and the ethical issues raised by the practice frame the analysis. Three distinct “genres” of contemporary product placement are analyzed: (1) Product Placement, (2) Product Integration, and (3) Video Insertion. First, the rise of Product Placement, strategic changes in use, and increased dependence on revenues in production will be discussed. The second section examines a newly mounted form of Product Integration, whereby product placement plays a key role in content development and support of production in television and film. Third, the origins of Video Insertion will be traced to the Princeton Video Image invention of its proprietary L-VIS product. The ethical efficacy ofplacing “virtual advertisements” in space and times that do not naturally exist will be examined. The article closes with summary assessments and consideration of recommendations for action. Ethical issues focused on in the assessment include deception, artists' rights, and excess commercialism. Recommendations consider the climate for full and advance disclosure of product placements in media entertainment, the prospects for a voluntary rating system, and the threat of reclassifying product placement infused media entertainment as commercial speech.     

风险投资与风险产品关系初探

在风险及其商品特性分析的基础上,第一次明确提出了风险产品的概念,并结合风险投资和交换的概念,对风险投资与风险产品之间的关系进行了比较全面的分析,指出风险投资的主要对象本身其实就是一种风险产品,风险投资运作的过程就是不断进行风险交换的过程。     

Product liability and product safety-complementary approaches to consumer safety. Some observations of the situation in the EEA

Abstract

In this paper the author asserts that product liability and product safety are complementary instruments to achieve a safer environment for consumers. Whereas legislation on product liability has a remedying function, legislation on product safety has a preventive one. The present situation in the EEA countries as regards the implementation of the Council Directives on Product Liability and Product Safety is summarized as well as the basic content of the Directives. It seems that almost all EEA countries have implemented the Liability Directive. The EFTA countries probably have-in comparison with the EU countries-to some extent a more positive implementation approach. It is too premature to foresee how the EEA countries will implement the Product Safety Directive of June 29, 1994. However, for many years most West European countries have had rules regulating product safety. The product safety policy in the EEA countries has been enhanced by co-operation within the OECD, the EU and the EFTA. Market control co-ordination will be an important part of the EEA efforts in the future to increase safety for consumers.     

Product Placement of Medical Products

Abstract

Product placement is a well-established marketing technique that nevertheless continues to provoke considerable criticism and debate. Likewise, direct-to-patient marketing of pharmaceuticals is legally acceptable but is controversial among ethicists and medical professionals. Little has been published regarding the ethical challenges and pitfalls involved in medical marketing, including the issues of whether medical products should be treated differently from consumer products and whether pharmaceuticals are distinct from medical devices. Discussed are examples of pharmaceutical marketing as well as an episode from the Chicago Hope television program in which a medical device was touted as a solution for a problem for which the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has not approved the use of the device. Legal and ethical considerations for product placement of medical products as they influence patient demand are also analyzed, as well as some of the pitfalls that may accompany direct marketing of medical products.     

试论市场定位、产品定位和竞争定位之间的关系

定位市场营销理论中的一个重要概念,分析定位的本来含义,研究市场定位?产品定位和竞争定位三者的逻辑关系,具有重要的学术价值。市场定位是一种服务于市场营销总体战略而实施的定位,因而它具有宏观及战略层次的属性;产品定位是针对产品开展的,指明企业用什么样的产品来满足目标消费者需求。竞争定位方式的确定及表达更为直接地瞄准竞争对手。     

Product Involvement and the Relative Importance of Health Endorsements

Product involvement is a fundamental part of the buyer decision processes, during supermarket visits, as individuals respond differently to stimuli under differing involvement conditions. This study aims to provide a better understanding of the role of nutritional endorsements in consumers’ food purchasing decisions, when evaluated across high and low involvement products. Although past research in this area does exist, a major limitation is that nutritional endorsements have been studied only for their direct effect as a single, isolated product cue on product perception—rather than its importance relative to other product cues, such as price and product branding. This study overcomes this limitation through a conjoint analysis involving a sample of supermarket consumers. The findings suggest that a health endorsement plays a smaller role in influencing consumer decision-making relative to brand or price, but it is stronger for the higher involvement product. These findings provide nutritional foundations and product managers with quantifiable evidence of nutritional programs’ influence in consumer decision-making, justifying the relevance of such endorsements and giving nutritional foundations specific leads for adaptions in their marketing and educational efforts.     

4C在产品策略中的运用

在市场成熟化、消费理性化的时代 ,要使产品好卖、定单应接不暇 ,就必须在产品策略中导入4C ,由 4C对产品进行导向 ,也就是将 4C贯穿于产品从创意到开发直至到最后使用的整个过程和各个环节中。     

Acceptability and Ethics of Product Placement in Sport Video Games

Product placement in sport video games is an emerging area of marketing and advertising communication, but it also raises controversial ethical issues. In order to investigate these issues from a consumer perspective, this study examines the perceptions of the acceptability of product placement in sport video games (SVGs). Data were gathered from 253 sport video gamers using an online survey. The results indicate that while sport video gamers generally have favorable attitudes toward product placement in sport video games, ethically-charged products such as alcohol, cigarettes, and guns are perceived as less acceptable than other products. Individual differences among sport video gamers are found based on their related attitudes, hours of playing sport video games, and gender. Also, sport video gamers who have favorable attitudes toward product placement, in general, are more likely to intend to purchase a product or brand which may be placed in sport video games.     

Strategy for New Product Development

Abstract

This study evaluates the reasons why new products fail, and recommends a Strategy for New Product Development to avoid such failures. Using a sample of four products, the Ford Edsel, Coca-Cola's New Coke, the Sony Betamax, and the RCA Videodisc, where the introduction of a new product was unsuccessful, as research data, it is determined that the most common reasons for a products failure are poor planning, poor management, poor concept, poor execution, poor use of research, poor technology, and poor timing. A recommended strategy for successful new product development includes a sound concept, an environmental assessment, management and planning, technological feasibility, research, quality assurance, and customer feedback.     

Does ownership of an end-of-life product affect design for environment?

Circulative use of resources is a crucial concept for a modern capitalist economy. Faced with peaking-out of material resources and shortage of landfill capacity in the long run, human beings are required to promote efficient reuse and recycling of end-of-life products (ELPs). One of the methods to advance efficient reuse and recycling is rental or lease of products. Product service is also a similar idea. All these imply, in some sense, a change of ownership of a product and an ELP; ownership of an ELP as well as a product belongs to producers instead of households. It is often said that such a change of ownership promotes design for environment (DfE) or eco-design, contributing to circulative use of resources. This paper examines whether ownership of an ELP affects DfE by means of à la Sraffian type of equilibrium model. I show that there are two routes to DfE, namely via a reduction of the amount of an ELP and enhancement of quality of a secondary material. I also show that DfE effects do not appear under certain conditions, even if the ownership of an ELP is transferred to producers.