知识溢出下高新技术虚拟R＆D团队运作模式研究

在构建虚拟R＆D团队模式基础上，分析了合作R＆D模式和合理内生知识溢出度的理论基础，从利益分配、知识转移、激励和安全机制这些核心方面阐述了虚拟R＆D团队运作过程的框架。     

五代R＆D管理模式比较研究

以美国等西方发达国家为例，回顾了国外R＆D管理模式的演进过程，评述了国外R＆D管理理论的内容与特点，并介绍了目前R＆D管理模式发展的新趋势。最后提出，第五代R＆D管理的核心是研发知识管理．并对我国的R＆D管理提出了一些对策与建议。     

基于可持续发展观的R＆D项目管理模式探究

传统R＆D项目管理模式都是针对企业盈利能力提出的，而落实可持续发展观的研究是围绕社会利益展开的，因此传统R＆D项目管理模式均有相应的局限性。在对国外此领域研究成果总结分析的基础上，认为企业落实科学发展观，实施环保R＆D项目时，仍需将商业利益放在首位，并结合传统R＆D项目管理模式，提出环保R＆D项目管理模式，最后进行了展望。     

虚拟R＆D团队知识共享研究

从研究虚拟R＆D团队的形成机理入手,结合虚拟R＆D团队的特征,分析其中的知识共享。在此基础上,从知识源、知识受体、共享知识和知识情境4个维度构建情境模型,选取重要影响因素建立研究体系,对知识共享的动态过程进行研究。     

跨国公司在华R＆D投资环境评价

在跨国公司海外R＆D投资环境指标体系下，对跨国公司在华R＆D投资的市场环境、科技环境、基础环境和人才环境作出了较为全面的评价，从而得出结论：跨国公司在华R＆D投资以知识利用为主，但是知识生产有增长的趋势：中国只有加大R＆D投入，不断完善基础设施与政策环境，才能吸引跨国公司在华R＆D投资，同时提高本国的R＆D能力和科技创新能力。     

R＆D、R＆D溢出、内生增长和内生收敛

根据强调知识与技术创新、知识与技术溢出重要性的当代内生增长理论，本文建立了一个将R＆D和R＆D溢出与资本积累之间、R＆D和R＆D溢出与总产出增长之间直接关联起来的动态模型。面板数据协整检验实证分析结果表明R＆D和R＆D溢出与资本积累之间、R＆D和R＆D溢出与总产出增长之间分别存在显著的正面长期协整关联。进一步的分析表明，R＆D与资本积累之间、R＆D与总产出增长之间分别存在显著的长期双向格兰杰因果关系。由此观知，R＆D乃长期经济增长源泉之所在。另一方面，尽管资本积累或总产出增长并不格兰杰导致R＆D溢出，证据表明R＆D溢出格兰杰导致资本积累和总产出增长。这种由R＆D溢出到资本积累和总产出增长的单向格兰杰因果关系意味着尽管知识与技术的跨国传播并非必然发生。其实为世界经济增长的重要动力。     

加强R＆D储存的必要性、重要性及紧迫性

21世纪是知识经济的时代，R＆D是新知识和新技术的源头，R＆D的投入是对知识和技术的投入，一国R＆D储存的大小在很大程度上决定了该国的竞争力。紧紧围绕R＆D储存这一主题，找出我国与以关国为首的OECD主要国家之间的差距，并进行了分析。最后，得出我国应加大科技人才培育与开发的力度和增加R＆D经费的支出，提高国内R＆D储存，实现我国经济的腾飞。     

基于知识共享和知识溢出的企业R＆D合作策略分析

以D＇Aspremont ＆ Jacquemin模型（以下简称DJ模型）为基础,研究了基于知识共享和知识溢出条件下企业的R＆D合作行为。研究结果表明,在考虑知识共享的作用下,即使当溢出〈0.5时,R＆D合作依然有可能比R＆D竞争具有更高的研发投资、产业总产量和社会总福利。     

用实物期权评价R＆D项目的研究现状和趋势

从R＆D项目阶段划分与期权、退出和放弃、先发优势和竞争等方面对实物期权的研究现状进行了梳理．并对R＆D项目中有实物期权方法建模的方式、模型的复杂性和稳健性、有关参数估计进行了分析。从实物期权应用的角度指出基础资产价值过程的设定及其检验、R＆D项目的证券化、政府管理R＆D项目的策略、国家有关知识产权的法律法规、企业对R＆D项目和知识产权的管理策略、R＆D项目的市场交易和评价等问题是未来有很好前途和现实意义的研究领域。     

美国企业管理模式的历史演变

在讨论企业知识管理的时候，有必要回顾一下企业管理模式所经历的路程．可以使我们更清楚地看到以知识为管理对象是企业管理的历史趋势。在美国管理学专家DebraM．AmidonRogers所著的《第五代R＆D的挑战：虚拟学习》一书中，作者在综合其他专家学者观点的基础上，分析了由于发生影响世界经济的五种主要转变趋势，二战后企业的管理模式在经历了若干代变化后正在向知识管理时代迈进。影响世界经济的五种转变趋势1．从信息向知识的转变在信息技术领域，计算的概念已经发生了自然而然的变化。数据是分析的基础，信息是具有前后关系的数据集合…     

A compared R&D-based and patent-based cross impact analysis for identifying relationships between technologies

The planning of technological research and development (R&D) is demanding in areas with many relationships between technologies. To support decision makers of a government organization with R&D planning in these areas, a methodology to make the technology impact more transparent is introduced. The method shows current technology impact and impact trends from the R&D of an organization's competitors and compares these to the technology impact and impact trends from the organization's own R&D. This way, relative strength, relative weakness, plus parity of the organization's R&D activities in technology pairs can be identified.A quantitative cross impact analysis (CIA) approach is used to estimate the impact across technologies. Our quantitative CIA approach contrasts to standard qualitative CIA approaches that estimate technology impact by means of literature surveys and expert interviews. In this paper, the impact is computed based on the R&D information regarding the respective organization on one hand, and based on patent data representative regarding R&D information of the organization's competitors on the other hand. As an illustration, the application field ‘defence’ is used, where many interrelations and interdependencies between defence-based technologies occur. Firstly, an R&D-based and patent-based Compared Cross Impact (CCI) among technologies is computed. Secondly, characteristics of the CCI are identified. Thirdly, the CCI data is presented as a network to show the overall structure and the complex relationships between the technologies. Finally, changes of the CCI are analyzed over time. The results show that the proposed methodology has the potential to generate useful insights for government organizations to help direct technology investments.     

合作研发中的技术距离、知识转化与能力获取:理论及案例

以不同技术距离情境下合作研发项目为分析单元,采用多案例方法对知识转化如何影响能力获取进行了探讨。研究发现:研发技术知识深度嵌入研发团队的行为中,且以不同的知识形式存在;技术距离表现为广度距离和深度距离,二者的交互效应决定了合作研发的技术距离情境;在不同的技术距离情境下,建立了知识转化推动研发能力获取的理论模型,探讨了不同知识转化形式的能力获取效应。拓展了对合作研发中研发知识及其转化形式的理解,对基于外部知识转化的研发能力获取具有启示作用。     

跨国公司研发全球化的空间组织研究

随着跨国公司全球战略目标的逐步深化，跨国公司研发全球化的组织形态也不断发生调整和变化，在理论上相继出现母国绝对集中式研发、母国相对集中式研发、多中心分散式研发、轴心型混合式研发、网络化整合研发五种类型。在一定的研发组织形式引导下，跨国公司全球范围内的研发活动会产生集聚、扩散等地理现象，从地理特征和空间关联两个层面诠释着跨国公司研发全球化的空间形态，相对应的研发全球地理分布呈现出由孤岛中心、开放中心、多心分散、中心边缘向网络化结构发展的趋势，并通过各个分支机构之问的各种要素流诠释着跨国公司研发全球化的空间格局。     

Dismantling the ivory tower: The influence of networks on innovative output in emerging technologies

In this article we examine how R&D networking affects an organization's innovative output. Using empirical data on 419 research organizations in transgene plant research over a 20-year period, we test several hypotheses relating their sociometric position in an R&D network to their innovative output. Attention is paid to the relative importance of in-house versus collaborative research. Least squares dummy variable models are used to analyze cross-sectional data across different time periods. The results show that (1) an organization's “network embeddedness” positively influences its innovative output; whereas (2) involvement in collaborative R&D has a curvilinear effect on innovative performance.     

Organization Design and Information-Sharing in a Research Joint Venture with Spillovers

The paper presents a non-tournament model of process innovation with spillovers in the R&D process when firms engage in Cournot competition in the product market. It is shown that careful modelling of information-sharing and coordination of research activities leads to the conclusion that a Research Joint Venture (RJV) will economize on scarce R&D resources. There is an analysis of the effects of R&D cooperation, in the form of an RJV, on the organization of R&D, i.e. the efficient number of research labs. R&D expenditure, which precedes production, results in lower unit costs. R&D is modelled as a two-stage process: in the first stage, firms incur expenditure that will generate new knowledge, while in the second stage this knowledge is employed to reduce unit costs. A distinction is made between single and complementary research paths. It is shown that the RJV will operate one lab in the case of a single research path exploiting its coordination advantage. In the case of complementary research paths the number of labs the RJV will operate crucially depends on the stage of the R&D process at which diminishing returns occur: it will operate both labs when diminishing returns occur at the first stage (creation of knowledge), while it will be indifferent as to the number of labs, one or two, when diminishing returns occur in the second stage (cost reduction).     

A model of innovation and learning with involuntary spillovers and absorptive capacity

We develop a model of innovation and learning that incorporates explicitly the need for a firm to conduct its own research and development (R&D) in order to realize involuntary spillovers from other firms’ R&D activity and the development of absorptive capacity of research firms over time. The conclusions of the model follow directly from the functional forms that are used to describe the generation and absorption of technological knowledge. The first proposition formally characterizes the steady-state rate of growth of technology for the model. The analysis also shows how some of the key features of two distinct, pure modes of organization of the production of new knowledge, the R&D model and the new localized knowledge model, are implied by our model by simply drastically changing the relative magnitude of two exogenous parameters: the ease of learning and the pace of knowledge advance. The second proposition formally characterizes the connections implied by the model between involuntary spillovers and absorptive capacity. Analysis of the long-term interactions between involuntary spillovers of knowledge and absorptive capacity provides the essential insights into an understanding of the elements of a self-sustained process of endogenous growth. The third and last formal proposition of this paper accommodates firm-level arguments and the crucial role of a firm's absorptive capacity in taking advantage of its location in clusters, as implied by the theoretical model.     

Cooperation in R&D and production: a three-firm analysis

The paper analyzes, in a model of quantity-setting three firms, the interaction between cooperation decisions at the R&D stage and merger decisions at the production stage. We assume that only two of the three firms are capable of doing cost-reducing research. Two types of cooperative research, viz., the knowledge-sharing agreement and research joint venture are considered. Cost reduction in the case of a successful research joint venture is larger compared to knowledge sharing or independent research, due to possible synergies. We show that allowing mergers can change the organization of the R&D process, and admitting cooperative research can affect the occurrence and nature of mergers at the production stage.     

知识视角下虚拟组织持续创新能力形成机理

基于知识视角，剖析虚拟组织知识资源获取、知识集成、学习能力、信任与持续创新能力的关系机制，构建虚拟组织持续创新能力形成机理模型。在此基础上，选取251家创新企业样本进行实证研究。结果发现：知识资源获取分别对持续创新能力、知识集成有非常显著的正向作用；知识集成对持续创新能力影响显著，知识集成在显性知识资源获取与持续创新能力之间起部分中介作用，而在隐性知识资源获取与持续创新能力之间起完全中介作用；学习能力和信任显著调节知识资源获取对知识集成的正向作用，且显性知识资源获取与隐性知识资源获取随着企业间学习能力与信任度的提升，通过知识集成中介对持续创新能力的作用更显著。     

虚拟组织持续创新能力提升机理及路径研究

虚拟组织作为一种新兴的市场资源连接及能力重组模式,彰显出其持续价值创新的优越性。通过分析虚拟组织持续创新能力的作用本质,阐述了虚拟组织持续创新能力形成过程,指出了持续创新能力是知识存量、知识增量与知识质量相互作用转化而形成的知识能量集合。在此基础上,构建了虚拟组织持续创新能力提升机理模型,提出了提升虚拟组织持续创新能力的3种基本路径——竞合互动路径、知识对流路径、创新协同路径,深入剖析了3种路径对提升虚拟组织持续创新力的作用机理及演化过程,提升了虚拟组织持续创新能力理论与实践应用价值。