旅游者认知地图研究综述

认知地图是行为地理学中的一个重要研究领域,本文在梳理认知地图的概念体系、地理学与心理学对认知地图研究基础上,综述了近30年国内外旅游者认知地图的研究.研究发现:①旅游者认知地图是具有空间定位功能的、动态的、三维的旅游环境综合表象;②受旅游活动特点和旅游地类型影响的旅游者形成了独特的认知地图类型与空间结构;③旅游者在环境习得速度和过程方面都与一般环境学习存在显著差异;④旅游者认知地图形成过程中的人类影响因素主要表现为游客类型影响因素;⑤旅游领域的研究多采用适合现场情境的方法和技术;⑥旅游者认知地图研究尚处于不成熟阶段,主要表现为研究思想、内容和方法技术等方面的缺陷.最后提出旅游者认知地图几个多学科的重要命题.旅游者认知地图研究对于旅游规划、旅游目的地营销和旅游空间行为研究具有一定理论和实践意义.     

Tourist-guide interaction

Social psychology can contribute to a study of tourist-guide interaction through its emphasis on the dynamics, behavior and cognitions of social situations. A conceptual contribution to the study of tourist-guide encounters can structure inquiry on the topic, thereby correcting the piecemeal nature of current research. The conceptual overview adopted follows that of Argyle et al. (1981) and emphasizes eight features of social situations: goals, rules, roles, element, sequences, cognitive structures, environmental setting, and language. A diagrammatic synthesis of this material is outlined. In reviewing previous research the generative question-asking power of this overview is demonstrated. Two of the situation features proposed are discussed at greater length for six tourist-guide interactions.     

Tourism and Aldo Leopold's “cultural harvest”: creating virtuous tourists as agents of sustainability

Sustainable tourism aims to achieve a balance between the needs of tourists, the environment, local people, and businesses – a situation complicated by the numerous ethical issues at play. This paper presents an original account of the ethics of Aldo Leopold (1887–1948), a key figure in the development of modern environmental ethics, as it unfolds in his classic work, A Sand County Almanac. We argue that prior interpretations failed to incorporate Leopold's lynchpin cultural harvest idea into his larger “land ethic”, and that a proper understanding of the cultural harvest reveals how tourism and other recreational activities can drive a person's ethical development. Ultimately, the land ethic helps us protect and nurture the most precious sustainability resource: human beings that value and respect the environment. The paper will be of value to tourism scholars, to heritage interpreters, to travel journalists, to tourism marketing staff, and to tourism managers. It shows the enormous opportunities for better marketing and heritage interpretation, notes the potential value of slow tourism, and the need for opening five key areas of the cultural harvest for tourists: storytelling, learning and knowledge, beauty and aesthetic appreciation, rarity and the hunt for trophy, and signature/personality.     

Effect of environmental perceptions on bicycle travelers’ decision-making process: developing an extended model of goal-directed behavior

Despite the rapid develop of bicycle tourism, research examining decision-making processed for bike-traveling as a leisure-time choice has been insufficient. Thus, this study was designed to investigate the formation of bike travelers’ decisions by extending the model of goal-directed behavior (MGB). Specifically, this study incorporated two vital constructs in bicycle tourism, namely environmental connectedness and environmental behavior, into the MGB framework. An on-site survey was administered to collect the data with 394 bicycle tourists in bicycle clubs in China. The results of the structural analysis showed that our extended MGB included a satisfactory level of ability in predicting bike-travelers’ intentions and was superior to the original MGB. Our findings also reveal that two incorporated constructs were significant variables influencing bicycle travelers’ decision formation. Moreover, attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control, and positive anticipated emotion influenced bicycle travelers’ desire, in turn, influenced their behavioral intentions. The implications of this are discussed.     

生态旅游中拟人化解说对游客环境教育效果的影响——基于网络情景实验的分析

生态旅游情境下,解说是实现环境教育的重要媒介。解说的拟人化设计使解说内容以更具亲和力的方式展现出来,可给游客带来更好的环境教育效果。基于此,本研究采用网络问卷的情景实验法,以解说方式是否拟人化、游客认知风格差异的双因素完全随机实验设计,探究解说方式的拟人化对游客环境教育效果的影响机制。结果表明：（1）解说方式在视觉与听觉上的拟人化,对于游客的环境教育效果均有显著影响;（2）游客认知风格在拟人化解说与游客环境教育效果中的调节作用,在视觉层面上得到了显著表现,听觉层面则无显著差异。本文探究了解说方式拟人化与游客认知风格的交互作用对游客环境教育效果的影响,补充了环境教育研究中仅关注解说内容而忽视其展示方式的不足,同时考虑了不同特征游客的多样化、个性化的解说需求,为完善生态旅游解说设计、提升旅游的环境教育效果提供了参考。     

The ethics of play,leisure, and recreation in the twentieth century, 1900–1983

Abstract

The association between play, leisure, recreation, value, and free choice leads to the problem of ethics. The purpose of this study was to describe the absolute ultimate end (the highest good) and its relation to play, leisure, and recreation in the twentieth century. This problem was approached by perusing literature from the period 1900 through 1983. Writers were organized by category and period, accompanied by explanation of how play, leisure, and recreation were related to the highest good. Eighty writers considered the question of the absolute ultimate end. Nine categories were discerned, dominated by divine ends and happiness. Play, leisure, and recreation were variously connected with the ultimate ends as both ends and means. Additionally, the practical implications of ethics are discussed using several examples. A partnership between science and philosophy is recommended for further study of ethics. Philosophy of leisure, however, must be revived for this alliance to     

An assessment of convention tourism's potential contribution to environmentally sustainable growth

The tourism literature contains substantial discussions on how increasing numbers of attendees and conventions at a destination contributes to the local economy, but there is limited research on the environmental impact of the concomitant increases in air and other travel, and other activity increases in energy and other resource use. This research assesses the current environmental position of the convention industry in the United States and formulates suggestions for future direction in regard to “green” concepts by examining and comparing the perceptions, attitudes, and behavioral intentions of three groups of convention stakeholders: convention attendees, meeting planners, and convention suppliers. This empirical study recognizes the critical problem of inadequate understanding of the environmental impact of convention activities and the lack of knowledge regarding ecological convention practices. It shows that the perception of environmental impact among the three groups varies depending on which environmentally friendly practices are available to each group. It discusses the background to – and the implications of – the emotional formation of decisions and self-motivation based on positive attitudes and the strong intention to adopt green management practices agreed to by convention stakeholders.     

环境感知因素对旅华背包客旅游决策行为影响研究--以西安为例

通过对2005年9月西安旅华背包客旅游决策行为调查的第一手资料,从行为分割空间角度初步研究了环境感知因素对旅华背包客决策行为的影响,研究揭示:现阶段,旅华背包客决策行为主要受个人相关因素影响,旅游目的地环境感知因素传递受旅游客源国环境感知因素影响,当旅游者确定国际旅游后,旅游目的地感知因素对旅游者决策行为影响高于客源国环境感知因素.     

Achieving a Sustainable Relationship Between Common Pool Resources and Tourism: The Role of Environmental Ethics

Tourism is dependent upon natural resources, many of which display the characteristics of Common Pool Resources (CPRs), where the exclusion of users is impractical and their exploitation by one person can reduce the benefit for another. Concern about the ‘over-use’of CPRs was expressed by Hardin (1968) in his seminal essay ‘Tragedy of the Commons’. In an overlooked part of his thesis he suggested a moral shift in human behaviour as the simplest way to avoid over-use. The post-Hardin period has seen the emergence of environmental ethics as a recognised field of applied ethics. Utilising this theoretical framework, the influence of an environmental ethic upon the behaviour of tourism stakeholders is analysed. It is suggested that although the presence of a conservation ethic is resulting in a move to resource conserving behaviour (RCB), there is a lack of recognition of the intrinsic value of nature. It is argued that this recognition may be necessary for the ultimate sustainability of CPRs and that the adoption of a conservation ethic may be the first step in an evolutionary development of an environmental ethic for the tourism market.     

Problems in Place: Using Discursive Social Psychology to Investigate the Meanings of Seasonal Homes

Researchers continue to explore the nature of place meanings and especially how these meanings are created, disseminated and contested. This paper uses the conceptual framework of discursive social psychology to identify varying interpretive frames homeowners use to characterize the meaning and significance of their seasonal homes as vacation and recreation residences. Among the frames are refuge from modern life, the importance or centrality of seasonal homes in people's lives, obligations and burdens entailed by maintaining dual residences and interactions within a community. The paper advocates for an approach to place meaning that acknowledges the social basis of meaning yet recognizes and focuses on how individuals appropriate and use interpretive frames to explain their relationships to place.     

大学生导游职业认知形成及其改善

导游职业认知是了解导游行业职业运行现状与走向的重要方面.文章借鉴心理学的最新研究成果“社会认知职业理论”(social cognitive career theory,SCCT),以在校大学生这一导游职业特殊的从业群体为研究对象,以相关调查数据为基础,根据SCCT模型建构了三种子模式,从职业兴趣、职业选择模式及工作绩效评价三个方面入手,在子模式下对相关数据进行分析与整合,得到多样化的职业认知差异形成因素,并认为这一认知分析存在发展与改善的可能,可以成为学科专业及人才培养和教育的重要参考.最后提出了相关的对策.     

Theory of planned behaviour: predicting tourists’ pro-environmental intentions after a humpback whale encounter

Nature-based experiences can contribute to individuals’ connection to nature and intentions toward sustainable environmental behaviours. Conservation psychology can use tourism as a platform to modify tourists’ intentions and behaviours regarding key marine threats such as single-use plastics. This study examined changes to pro-environmental intentions, particularly regarding plastic use, in 267 nature-based tourists from Australia and Tonga who completed a whale watching/swim experience. A theory of planned behaviour (TPB) framework was used incorporating moral norms and environmental identity, which have been previously implicated in explaining pro-environmental actions. This study found that including moral norms in the TPB model significantly increased the ability to predict pro-environmental intentions. Further, when controlling for the TPB and moral norm variables, environmental identity explained a further 15% of tourists’ pro-environmental intentions. The findings suggest the original TPB model may be less suitable within a marine conservation context. Collectively, positive nature-based experiences, environmental identity, and moral norms are important in understanding tourist’s intentions to engage in sustainable environmental behaviours.     

对旅游产业生态过程的研究

本文在传统的旅游划分基础上进行功能和价值的扩展研究,对旅游的主要过程-旅游产业的生态内涵进行阐述,并阐明了生态效应如何构建新的环境行为,区别了旅游产业生态与生态旅游产业二者的概念,运用功用主义和伦理学思想建立与经济产业说相关的关系结构,在此基础上运用社会生态学观点探讨了旅游产业生态过程对社会进程的功用。     

Multiple attributes of cycling tourism in travelers’ decision-making process

Despite the rapid growth in cycling tourism, few studies have been conducted on whether its distinctive attributes influence travelers’ decision-making process. Therefore, the current research aimed to identify the effects of the multiple attributes of cycling tourism on travelers’ decision-making process by considering cognitive evaluations, affective evaluations, satisfaction, and flow experience. The study results revealed that most of our hypothesized relationships within the framework are supported. Additionally, satisfaction and flow experience were verified as significant mediators. Finally, our study highlighted the significant role of distinctive attributes of cycling tourism in the formation of travelers’ favorable behavioral intentions for cycling tourism.