Measures of economies with an arbitrarily large number of equilibria

Balasko (1978) shows that in a compact subset of the space of economies, not too many economies can have too many equilibria. We extend Balasko’s result to the whole set of economies for a suitable measure. We show that the measure of economies with a large number of equilibria approaches zero as this number tends to infinity. An analogous result in the infinite‐dimensional setting is also established.     

Mixed strategy equilibria in repeated games with one-period memory

Infinitely repeated games is the pre-dominant paradigm within which economists study long-term strategic interaction. The standard framework allows players to condition their strategies on all past actions; that is, assumes that they have unbounded memory. That is clearly a convenient simplification that is at odds with reality. In this paper we restrict attention to one-period memory and characterize all totally mixed equilibria. In particular, we focus on strongly mixed equilibria. We provide conditions that are necessary and sufficient for a game to have such an equilibrium. We further demonstrate the exact set of payoffs that can be generated by such equilibria.     

Nash equilibria of games when players’ preferences are quasi‐transitive

Much of game theory is founded on the assumption that individual players are endowed with preferences that can be represented by a real‐valued utility function. However, in reality human preferences are often not transitive. This is especially true for the indifference relation, which can lead an individual to make a series of choices which in their totality would be viewed by the same individual as erroneous. There is a substantial literature that raises intricate questions about individual liberty and the role of government intervention in such contexts. The aim of this paper is not to go into these ethical matters but to provide a formal structure for such analysis by characterizing games where individual preferences are quasi‐transitive. The paper identifies a set of axioms which are sufficient for the existence of Nash equilibria in such “games.”     

社会主义市场经济理论的思想基础简析

社会主义市场经济理论的思想基础可分为三个层次：社会主义建立之初发展社会主义商品经济的思想基础;由计划经济向社会主义市场经济体制转变的思想基础;社会主义市场经济理论最终形成的思想基础。我们应认识这些思想基础,从制度上更好地发挥市场在资源配置中的基础性作用,形成有利于科学发展的宏观调控体系。     

Free entry equilibria with positive profits: A unified approach to quantity and price competition games

Free entry equilibria are usually characterized by the zero profit condition. We plead instead for a strict application of the Nash equilibrium concept to a symmetric simultaneous game played by actual and potential entrants, producing under decreasing average cost. Equilibrium is then typically indeterminate, with a number of active firms varying between an upper bound imposed by profitability and a lower bound required by sustainability. We use a canonical model with strategies represented by prices, although covering standard regimes of quantity and price competition, to show that in equilibrium the critical (profit maximizing) price must lie between the break-even and the limit prices.     

Kinky perceived demand curves and Keynes–Negishi equilibria

The label "Keynes–Negishi equilibria" is attached here to equilibria in a monetary economy with imperfectly competitive product and labor markets where business firms and labor unions hold demand perceptions with kinks: as posited in Negishi's 1979 book Microeconomic Foundations of Keynesian Macroeconomics . Such equilibria are defined in a general equilibrium model, and shown to exist. Methodological implications are briefly discussed in a concluding section.     

基于虚拟经济规模化效应的研究与对策

文章依据虚拟经济的特点,从银行、证券公司和开放式基金等三个方面,分析了虚拟经济规模化效应的存在性和可行性。通过数据和前人研究成果,论证了虚拟经济的规模经济效益,提出了我国虚拟经济规模化发展的对策和建议。     

Organization of production in a competitive economy

In the present paper we introduce a general equilibrium model of the organization of production and analyze the optimality and existence of an equilibrium. We introduce the production technology of the economy as a collection of production processes and allow each potential producer to choose the production processes to operate. We model organization and transaction costs by means of an organizational technology that determines the production set of a producer as a function of the production processes that the producer chooses to operate. For a competitive economy, we show the equilibrium organization of production is optimal and then prove a general existence theorem for an atomless economy.     

论公共品的生产

文章在适当兼顾公共品生产其他方面的同时,运用最优化理论和均衡理论,详细分析了公共品生产者和提供者之间的委托代理关系和供需关系,认为公共品的特性决定了公共品生产的效率低于私人品生产的效率,并就如何提高公共品生产的效率提出了一些改进思路.     

主体协同与合作治理：农业巨灾保险参与应急管理体系建设研究

国家应急管理能力现代化建设需要市场机制的参与,而农业巨灾保险及农业巨灾风险转移分散的市场运行机制在参与国家应急管理体系建设的过程中具有自身优势。在“协同—合作”理论框架下,通过研究我国农业巨灾保险的实践,发现其在参与应急管理体系建设中存在制度建设衔接机制不完善、主体协同治理有待加强、全周期过程管理不完善、价值建设需重构等问题。进而从完善农业巨灾保险参与应急管理体系的制度建设是实现“协同—合作”的保障,强化农业巨灾保险参与应急管理体系建设的主体协同是实现“协同—合作”治理的关键,实现农业巨灾保险参与应急管理的全周期过程管理是实现“协同—合作”治理的重点环节,建设农业巨灾保险参与应急管理体系的同向价值是实现“协同—合作”治理的目标等方面提出实现路径。     

虚拟经济视角下的货币冲击与通货膨胀问题研究

中国当前面临的通货膨胀压力从本质上看,是人民币供给量快速增长导致流动性膨胀的结果.事实上,货币供给的冲击对于实体经济和虚拟经济的影响是不同的:虚拟经济对于货币冲击的吸收能力大于实体经济.因此,我们必须大力发展虚拟经济,丰富其产品的种类,增加交易数量,从而能够有效地吸收货币冲击,防止通货膨胀.     

政策操作透明度下的货币政策传导机制研究

货币政策的有效性在很大程度上取决于货币政策传导机制的灵活畅通。通过增加货币政策的透明度,从而提高货币政策的可信性和有效性,成为当前各国中央银行关注的焦点。文章介绍了货币政策透明度的内涵,分析了增强货币政策透明度对提高货币政策传导机制的作用,并对改进我国货币政策透明度问题进行了探讨。     

泡沫经济的成因及治理对策研究

文章通过对虚拟经济、羊群效应和资金流动性过剩这三种经济现象的分析，揭示了泡沫经济的生成机理及危害，并提出对泡沫经济的防范、治理要采取宏观政策调控和微观心理引导双管齐下的策略，防范金融风险，保持宏观经济的健康、稳定发展。     

Determinants of Malaysian Trade Balance: An ARDL Bound Testing Approach – A Commentary

Abstract

This commentary is served as an additional light both from theoretical and empirical perspectives, on the study by Duasa (Global Economic Review, 2007, 36, pp. 89–102) who examined the short- and long-run relationships between trade balance, real exchange rates, income, and money supply for Malaysia. The final words I would like to make are that the results documented by Duasa require further investigation before it can be generalized.     

低碳经济背景下我国旅游业与区域经济协同发展研究

低碳化是旅游业和区域经济发展的共同转型方向,旅游业对区域经济发展具有巨大的带动作用,区域经济可以为旅游业的可持续发展创造有利条件。文章认为,要实现旅游业与区域经济的协同发展,必须完善制度安排,提高低碳旅游发展的保障力;坚持资源规划与产业链构建并重,强化区域经济发展带动力;扩容以低碳旅游为核心的旅游形态,增强旅游业与区域经济发展的协调性和可持续性。     

突变评价法在大型起吊设备安装安全评价中的应用

针对大型起吊设备安装危险性高的状况,考虑安装许可、安装管理、安装技术等因素,建立评价大型起吊设备安装安全的2级指标体系,提出采用突变评价法对大型起吊设备安装安全状况进行分析。该方法避免了底层指标权重确定的主观性,运用不同突变模型的归一公式进行计算,最终得出安全状况的总突变隶属度值,实现安全状况的评价。示例表明,该方法合理、可行。     

职业教育投资的均衡分析

职业教育投资来自个人、企业和政府三方面。虽然三者投资行为存在很大差异,但追求收益最大化是共同的特征,达到投资均衡有不同的途径。     

旅游系统演变趋势模型的构建及其科学意义

文章试图从系统整体的角度提出旅游系统演变趋势模型,包含旅游系统演变趋势概念模型、运用该概念模型定量分析旅游变化趋势的旅游系统演变趋势数学模型。根据该模型可以深入认识旅游的＂真正＂变化趋势、旅游的波动变化趋势、重大事件对旅游的影响,从而增强对旅游变化过程与变化趋势的认识,提高旅游预测的准确程度,并为旅游发展评价和旅游决策提供更为科学的依据。     

我国个人独资企业发展的障碍及对策

虚拟资本是市场经济高度发达的产物。本文对虚拟资本与实质经济的互动关系进行多侧面的考察,并尝试着提出有关的建议。     

生态文明视角下的经济可持续发展问题研究

在当今世界"生存和发展"的主题下,生态资源由过去经济发展的外生变量演变成为经济发展的内生变量。改革开放以来,经济的快速发展使我国人地关系日益失调,资源与环境压力空前加剧。只有加强生态文明理念,在生态建设保护和经济发展之间寻求平衡,才能促进经济社会的可持续发展。