大用户直购电模式及其在我国的应用

结合国内外大用户直购电的实施情况,分析了我国电力市场的特点、大用户直购电的政策环境和在实施大用户直购电过程中出现的一些政策性问题,对在我国电力市场实施大用户直购电的阶段进行了研究,提出了市场管理部门和电网公司应做好的准备工作及相关的政策建议.     

电力直接交易试点若干问题分析与建议

开展电力用户与发电企业直接交易试点,是我国电力市场化改革的一项重大举措。但从试点情况看,直接交易试点仍存在一些问题,某种程度上影响直接交易试点工作的开展。对直接交易的目的、交易实质、榆配电价、结算等进行了探讨,提出继续推进直接交易试点,需要统一认识,坚持正确的方向,坚持积极稳妥、试点先行,坚持统筹兼顾、协同推进。     

慎重看待大用户直供电问题

论述了在电力市场初期我国缺少实施大用户直供电所必须具备的若干条件,分析了当前开展大用户直供电存在的问题及可能造成的影响,指出开展直供是改革的趋势但不可急于求成.     

Diversification, Concentration and Economic Performance: Korean Business Groups

The purpose of this paper is to analyze empirically some of therelationships involving corporate diversification, concentration and economic performance for agroup of 25 of the largest Korean chaebols or business groups over the period 1985–1995. UsingHerfindahl–Hirschman indices of inter-industry diversification and intra-group member firm concentration,our results indicate that increased conglomerate diversification does not affect chaebol profitswhereas changes in internal member firm concentration do. Of particular interest with respect to bothdiversification and concentration are our findings that a quadratic relationship exists between groupprofits and the number of member firms, with both smaller and larger chaebols having higher profitsthan intermediate size chaebols. A similar relationship also exists with respect to group size measuredin terms of total assets. Since the number of member firms is included as an explanatory variable, ourresults imply that profitable chaebols expand primarily within their existing industries ratherthan by adding firms in new markets.     

Correlation,causality, and all that jazz: The inherent shortcomings of price tests for antitrust market delineation

A substantial economics literature has developed in which price data have been relied upon to delineate antitrust markets by empirically implementing definitions offered by classical economists. The forces driving these price tests are not the same as those that give rise to market power, and therefore these price tests are likely to reach erroneous conclusions if used to delineate antitrust relevant markets. The price tests should be used with great caution, if at all.     

Employer discrimination and market structure: Does more concentration mean more discrimination?

We formalize Gary Becker’s dynamic conjecture that competitive forces drive discriminating employers from the market in the long run, using a dynamic model of a monopolistically competitive industry characterized by sunk costs and sequential entry. An advantage of this formalization is that it demonstrates the importance of the structure of production costs, as well as market power, in explaining the long-run survival of discriminatory firms. In addition, we show that, despite decades of empirical research on this connection, there is no consistent theoretical relationship between the degree of market concentration within an industry and the degree of discrimination. However, we do find an indirect link in which market liberalization has a more pronounced effect in reducing discrimination in more concentrated markets.     

The impact of industry environment on early market entry decisions by B2B managers in the U.S. and Japan

Managers form simplified mental models to cope with market environment uncertainties and to process information. A critical decision is whether to enter a high-potential market early. Large innovation and development investments involved in this decision increase uncertainty. We examine the importance ascribed by U.S. and Japanese managers to competitive forces when making early market entry decisions. We expect that the competitive forces will have different effects on the likelihood of early market entry in the U.S. versus Japan due to cultural and business environment differences, and we thereby develop several propositions. We develop a decision-making exercise simulating early market entry decisions, and tested our propositions with managers in medium to large business-to-business (B2B) firms from both countries. We assessed impacts of the competitive market forces on entry strategy selection via relative weights, repeated-measures analysis of variance, and frequency analysis. Our findings revealed differences in the mental models of Japanese and U.S. managers. Buyer power had a larger effect on the decision to make an early market entry for Japanese managers, while threat of new firm entry had a larger effect for U.S. managers; these findings were consistent with our propositions. We also found several areas of agreement between U.S. and Japanese managers. We conclude with theoretical implications and recommendations to B2B management.     

Market Power and Technology

It is well known that market power depends on the price elasticity of demand and the intensity of competition. It is also well known that technology can influence market power through its effect on market structure. However, there is limited research on the direct link between market power and technology. In this paper, we investigate this relationship. We find that the monopoly price can be constrained to be identical to marginal cost under certain technological conditions. We also show how market power depends directly upon technology, holding constant demand conditions, market structure, and the degree of competition.     

电力期货市场对发电企业的影响探讨

随着我国电力市场的推进和经营形式的变化,电力生产出现了新的问题。电力期货市场作为电力市场发展的一种新模式,成为解决煤电矛盾困局的市场化工具,也为电力行业改进生产方式提出了新的启示。对发电企业如何利用期货市场的套利保值机理和价格发现机制以改变发电企业传统的经营方式进行了介绍,并结合我国华东区域电力市场发电权交易的经验对电力期货市场的设计进行了探讨。     

Innovation in the Retail Banking Industry: The Diffusion of Credit Scoring

We study technology diffusion in the retail banking industry. Our contribution to the empirical literature is twofold: Firstly, we explore technology diffusion in the financial sector, whose relevance has often been neglected; secondly we focus on credit scoring adoption, a relevant process innovation still under-explored. Estimating a set of duration models, we analyze the patterns of diffusion of this technology among Italian banks. We find that credit scoring is firstly introduced by large banks with broad branch networks, which can fully exploit scale economies. We present robust evidence that banks with large market shares operating in more concentrated markets are early adopters, providing a direct support of the Schumpeterian hypothesis that market power enhances innovation.The views expressed here are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the Bank of Italy.     

Union Exclusion and the Decollectivization of Industrial Relations in Contemporary Britain

A major focus of the Conservative government's employment policy since 1979 has been the reduction of union power within the labour market, the employment relationship and as representatives of a separate ‘labour interest’ in society ' union exclusion. The principal impact of the legislative changes is to deny workers access to resources of collective power, thereby commensurately increasing employers' discretion to determine the terms of the employment relationship. When forming new subsidiaries and establishments, or purchasing non-union subsidiaries, employers have been able to resist unionization and recognition except on their own terms, but comparatively few have terminated existing union recognition agreements, preferring to marginalize the role of unions through the adoption of partial exclusion policies ' joint consultation, direct communication, performance-related pay, and the fragmentation of common employment and bargaining.     

网络型厂商公司治理结构与市场行为机制的理论探析——基于资本结构与定价行为的视角

本文假设在不能有效地改变市场结构和维持价格管制策略的前提下,深入地分析了网络型厂商内部的结构和特征,以及执行管制价格同样会造成社会福利损失的问题。得出通过改变以资本结构为核心的公司治理机制,打通资本市场和产品市场之间的利益流,建立起网络型厂商内部和资本市场上的利益制衡机制,进而制约经理层以价格决策为核心的市场行为,达到弱化网络型厂商市场势力和垄断产品价格柔性下调的目的,运用这种微观治理的方法,将外部不可能实现的约束和制衡引入到网络型厂商内部,从而使全社会的资源和利益配置实现帕累托改进。     

THE PRICE EFFECT OF ELIMINATING POTENTIAL COMPETITION: EVIDENCE FROM AN AIRLINE MERGER*

This paper analyzes the gain in pricing power that a firm achieves by merging with a potential competitor in its market. Using pricing data for the merger of USAir and Piedmont, empirical analysis finds that prices rose by 5.0 to 6.0 per cent on routes that one carrier served and the other was a potential entrant. This was more than half the increase on routes where the two carriers had been direct competitors. Other important factors included carrier size, market concentration, incumbent's identity and the potential entrant's presence at one or both endpoints.     

Economics, Competition, and Costs in the Resructuring of U.S. Electricity Markets

Many of the problems facing U.S. electricity markets stem from blatant disregard for the advice and warnings of economists who specialize in these markets. The short list of disregarded economic advice includes existing market power of some generators; transmission discrimination, lack of efficient pricing of transmission congestion; inefficient retail prices; anemic incentives to minimize costs; and lack of consumer choice and experience, occasionally coupled with high switching costs. As uncomfortable as the current state of electric power restructuring may be, going back to full regulation likely would be worse. There is reason to hope that less direct paths to increased competition will resolve some of the worst policy patches and half-reforms. These less direct paths to increased competition include expansion of the size of geographic markets, geographic expansion of transmission unbundling, reductions in obstacles to long-term supply contracting, growth of demand response programs, improvements in generator efficiency and availability, and expansion of real-time pricing and customized energy services for commercial and industrial customers. In aggregate, these constitute a promising “quiet phase” of electric power reform.     

电力市场环境下电力企业经济活动分析及综合计划管理

通过对比计划经济和市场经济两种情况下电力企业经济活动分析内容的变化,提出了在电力市场环境下电力企业的经济评价指标体系;同时,通过对电力企业的调查研究,指出了电力企业综合计划管理与考核存在的问题,并提出了几点建议。     

美国电煤市场及其对我国的启示

为解决当前中国煤电困局问题,在分析我国煤电企业现状及存在问题的基础上,借鉴美国电煤市场有效运营机制和手段,从完善煤电企业市场运营体制、改进电煤输送状况等方面给出了建议,以促进我国煤电市场有效协调和健康可持续发展.     

Versorgungssicherheit auf Elektrizitätsmärkten — Investitionsdilemma durch ineffizientes Marktdesign?

This article addresses the investment dilemma in the area of power generation, which in insufficiently designed, liberalized power markets leads macroeconomically to undesirably low levels of energy supply security. The prime causes for this dilemma in the German power market are rooted first in damages for suppliers which are limited in cases of generation capacity-induced power failures and second in the time delay between the final trading opportunity and the actual power delivery. The latter inhibits the ability to individually balance unexpected changes in rates of power generation and discharge at any time. Furthermore, the following factors contribute to an intensification of the dilemma: insufficient end user participation in the wholesale market, a lack of single end user cut-off options, as well as time lags in the construction of generation capacities combined with various market uncertainties. Potential approaches to a sustainable improvement of supply security include on the one hand an increase in liquidity of intraday trading to align market clearing and power delivery as closely as possible. The promotion of direct marketing for renewable energy along with other strategies will lead to such an improvement. On the other hand, end users’ utilization of smart meters should be enhanced. Thus, peak load could be moderated and allows for the inclusion of end users’ willingness to pay into the wholesale market.     

Pricing with Endogenous Direct Advertising in a Monopoly

This paper develops a model of informative advertising in which a firm builds a database using its historical sales records in order to directly target ads on those consumers who have a high probability of purchasing its products. We show that the firm can use this type of direct advertising as a screening mechanism to identify high demand consumers. As a result, direct advertising can work essentially as a device to increase a firm's monopoly power. From a social point of view, this implies that the transition from traditional mass-advertising to direct advertising can generate a trade-off between higher advertising efficiency and greater monopoly power. We compute the model to shed light on the relative strength of these two forces, and find that while direct advertising might have a substantial negative impact on consumers, this advertising technology can only occasionally reduce welfare.     

供电公司营销业务组织流程再造探讨

随着电力市场化改革的深化，我国基层供电公司营销业务一直沿用的直线职能式组织结构和业务流程越来越不适应“服务优质’’的需要。顺应电力市场化改革的要求进行组织流程再造，提升供电企业营销业务的管理水平，具有重要的现实意义。通过对供电企业营销业务现行组织结构和业务流程存在问题的分析，探讨提出供电公司营销业务以客户服务为中心的组织结构和为客户服务的工作流程。     

水电参与电力市场竞价的若干问题探讨

结合水电的特性,分析了水电参与市场竞争面临的主要问题,深入探讨了各类水电站参与的市场类型、梯级水电站的报价主体、上下游水电站中标电量不协调如何处理、水电站未中标弃水时和由于预测不准而产生电量偏差的处理等.