颠覆性创新研发联盟网络特征对企业创新绩效的影响研究——制度环境的调节作用

以自动驾驶技术为例，基于资源基础理论与制度基础理论构建企业颠覆性创新研发联盟网络，并探讨其网络特征、制度环境与企业创新绩效的关系。研究结果表明：在颠覆性创新领域，研发联盟中企业的网络密度会对创新绩效产生负向影响，而关系强度对创新绩效具有正向作用；制度环境在颠覆性创新研发联盟网络特征与企业创新绩效中发挥着不同的调节作用，区域创新投入虽然缓解了网络密度对创新绩效的负向影响，但也降低了关系强度对创新绩效的正向作用；知识产权保护不仅能够降低网络密度与创新绩效之间的负向影响，还能够提升关系强度与创新绩效之间的正向作用。     

政策“推力”与“拉力”如何影响企业创新——理论分析与研究展望

随着创新驱动战略的实施，如何有效发挥政府在企业创新体系中的作用受到了广泛关注。创新活动是一个系统性的互动过程，多元创新主体与创新环境的相互作用形塑了企业创新活动的绩效。首先对企业创新的内涵、特点以及内外部影响因素进行梳理，之后以此为基础，从政策“推力”、政策“拉力”以及政策组合之间的协同效应来探索创新支持政策对企业创新的作用机制及其影响效果，最后对现有研究进行总结并对未来研究方向进行展望。     

网络基础设施建设提升企业创新绩效的路径与异质性——来自“宽带中国”示范城市的经验证据

在数字经济时代,通过网络基础设施建设促进企业技术创新成为经济高质量发展的重要路径。然而,现有文献关于网络基础设施建设对企业创新绩效的影响及其机制研究不足,尤其缺乏相关经验证据。本文认为,地区（城市）网络基础设施的改善,可以通过增强知识溢出效应、促进企业人力资本积累、降低企业成本、推动企业数字化转型等路径提升企业创新绩效,且该创新绩效提升效应会因企业的知识存量、规模、融资约束、高管研发背景等不同而表现出多样化的企业异质性。基于“宽带中国”战略实施中的示范城市建设实践,采用2010—2018年A股上市公司的微观数据,将2014—2016年3批共117个“宽带中国”示范城市（城市群）的企业作为实验组,运用多期双重差分模型的分析结果显示：“宽带中国”示范城市建设显著并稳健地提高了企业的专利申请量,而且对发明专利申请量的提升作用比非发明专利申请量更为显著;知识溢出（包括本地知识溢出和外地知识溢出）、企业人才集聚、企业成本以及企业数字化转型在网络基础设施建设促进企业创新绩效提升中均具有显著的部分中介效应,其中知识溢出路径的解释力度最大;相对而言,网络基础设施建设对知识存量较多、规模较大、融资约束较低、高管研发背景较强的企业有更强的创新绩效提升作用。进一步的分析发现,“宽带中国”示范城市建设有助于促进企业的探索性创新行为,并提升企业创新质量。相比现有文献,本文主要进行了如下拓展和改进：一是从企业创新角度拓展了网络基础设施建设的经济效应研究,并利用“宽带中国”示范城市的准自然实验进行了经验分析;二是深度剖析网络基础设施建设影响企业创新的作用机制,特别是深入探讨了知识溢出在其中的作用,为相关研究提供了理论参考和方法借鉴。本文研究表明,网络基础设施建设有助于打破知识溢出的地理桎梏,实现知识溢出的本地效应与外地效应对企业创新的协同促进作用,这是其促进企业创新的根本原因。因此,各地应加大网络基础设施建设力度,尤其是欠发达地区要努力缩小“数字鸿沟”,并有效降低企业的融资约束,以充分发挥网络基础设施建设的创新促进效应。     

网络关系构建对企业创新绩效的影响:吸收能力和组织学习方式的调节作用

在企业网络中,网络位置体现了节点对资源和知识的占有和控制,探讨企业能否通过与高网络位置企业结盟获取创新所需资源并实现创新绩效的提升,具有重要的现实价值。结合企业网络理论和资源依赖理论,从网络嵌入的视角出发,通过中国计算机产业企业2013-2017年间合作数据构建了该行业247×247企业网络,探讨异位联盟对企业创新绩效的影响,并进一步探究吸收能力和组织学习方式对上述关系的调节效应。研究发现：第一,异位联盟有助于企业创新绩效的提升;其次,吸收能力对异位联盟与企业创新绩效提升之间的关系起正向调节作用;最后,组织学习方式越趋向于探索式,异位联盟对企业创新绩效的提升作用越明显。研究揭示了异位联盟对企业创新绩效的内在影响,对企业创新绩效的实现具有一定的借鉴意义。     

结构洞、输出型开放式创新与企业技术能力

随着技术竞争越来越激烈,企业面临着大量新创技术商业化的压力。积极融入创新网络、实施创新成果外部商业化,成为企业提升技术能力的重要战略选择。企业在创新网络内的"结构洞",是影响企业提升技术能力的重要因素之一。通过构建结构洞、输出型开放式创新与企业技术能力的关系模型,运用SEM以及层次回归的统计检验方法,实证检验"结构洞"对企业技术能力的影响效应及其内部作用机制。研究发现,"结构洞"对企业技术能力具有正向的促进作用,其通过输出型开放式创新作用于企业的技术吸收能力和技术创新能力。     

非市场战略对创新绩效的影响

本文基于资源基础理论对非市场战略影响创新绩效的作用机制进行深入探究,梳理并构建了非市场战略影响创新绩效的概念框架。实证结果表明,实施非市场战略有利于企业获取丰富的资源,进而提升企业的创新绩效,资源广度在非市场战略与企业创新绩效间起完全中介作用;资源搜寻策略对非市场战略与获取资源深度间的关系起正向调节作用,实施近距离搜寻策略并不会减弱非市场战略与企业资源广度间的正相关关系;资源整合能力对获取的资源深度与企业创新绩效间的关系起调节作用,资源整合能力越强则企业资源深度与创新绩效之间的正相关关系越强。     

内部资源、外部环境如何促进企业创新——基于“一带一路”沿线省份的组态分析

创新是企业实现高质量发展的重要动力源泉,经济转型变革期,企业外部环境的不确定性与其内部创新资源交互影响产生了复杂的创新环境。论文基于组态视角,运用模糊集定性比较分析（fsQCA）方法对“一带一路”沿线省份的80家企业进行分析,探究企业内部资源与外部环境耦合对企业创新的影响,揭示企业外部环境与内部资源层面的6个前因条件与企业创新之间的多重并发与复杂因果机制。研究发现：（1）单一的内部资源因素或外部环境因素并不构成高创新绩效的必要条件,需要相互间协同联动共同影响企业创新绩效。（2）存在内外协同型与内部资源驱动型两类产生高创新绩效的创新模式,不同的创新模式代表不同企业高创新绩效的多重实现方式。（3）有两类创新模式（5种组态）导致非高创新绩效的产生,企业内部资源对高创新绩效起到基础性作用。研究结论及管理启示有助于深入理解企业创新在多种因素组态效应下的复杂影响机制,为企业提高创新绩效提供理论参考。     

媒体关注与企业创新绩效

媒体关注是会发挥信息功能的正面效应进而促进企业创新，还是会发挥负面效应给管理者形成外部压力从而抑制企业创新？在梳理媒体关注信息功能的基础上，基于2010~2018年A股上市公司数据分析媒体关注与企业创新绩效的关系。研究发现：媒体关注对企业创新绩效起到促进作用，在控制了内生性问题后，这一结论依然成立。通过对报道性质进行区分，发现非负面报道对创新绩效的促进作用更加明显，而负面报道并没有显著降低企业创新绩效。在影响机制分析中发现融资约束在媒体关注与企业创新绩效之间起到中介作用，即媒体关注通过缓解企业融资约束进而提高创新绩效。     

网络关系与创新绩效:动态能力的中介作用

本文从网络关系通过促进企业动态能力的提高,进而影响创新绩效的逻辑出发,基于理论假设,结合398家企业的调查数据展开实证分析。研究证明:关系强度、关系质量和关系稳定性是创新网络的重要特征,对企业探索、获取新知识,以及在现有技术领域的能力提高具有促进作用;学习能力使企业通过与外部创新源的多重合作在知识吸收和利用上获得更大的优势;网络能力的提高为企业带来新的创新机会,进而强化了企业开放式创新的模式。由学习能力和网络能力构成的企业动态能力是"网络关系—创新绩效"的中介变量。     

媒体关注与企业创新绩效

媒体关注是会发挥信息功能的正面效应进而促进企业创新，还是会发挥负面效应给管理者形成外部压力从而抑制企业创新？在梳理媒体关注信息功能的基础上，基于2010~2018年A股上市公司数据分析媒体关注与企业创新绩效的关系。研究发现：媒体关注对企业创新绩效起到促进作用，在控制了内生性问题后，这一结论依然成立。通过对报道性质进行区分，发现非负面报道对创新绩效的促进作用更加明显，而负面报道并没有显著降低企业创新绩效。在影响机制分析中发现融资约束在媒体关注与企业创新绩效之间起到中介作用，即媒体关注通过缓解企业融资约束进而提高创新绩效。     

仁义礼智信忠孝新论

仁、义、礼、智、信、忠、孝是儒家伦理学中的基本概念，也是中国古代化中的基本概念．本立足于这些概念的字学基础，通过逻辑思辩的方法，试图给它们以新的阐释。     

第一是位置，第二是位置，第三还是位置

工业园区、经济特区在一个国家经济稳步快速发展中发挥着不可忽视的作用，这样的例子比比皆是，越南也不例外。到目前为止，越南国内已经建有154家注册在案的工业园区，多集中在北、中、南重要经济区域内。虽然这些工业园区对越南经济发展贡献巨大，但是，其中许多家正式投入运营多年，园内仍空空如也，只有少数工业园区的使用面积比率和发展速度达到开发商预计的目标。     

跨国农业垄断公司对中国农业产业链的多维渗透及破解思路

近年来,以ABCD四大粮商和孟山都等为主要代表的跨国农业垄断公司加速从资本、技术和服务领域对中国农业产业链进行渗透。在资本方面,跨国农业垄断公司已在中国进行深耕,并开始进入更多细分市场;在技术方面,对核心技术的高效转化和集中掌握使其占据了农业产业链的制高点;在服务方面,对贸易、加工、仓储等服务环节的渗透使其获得了高额利润。中国农业企业是抵御跨国农业垄断公司渗透的根本,但目前中国农业企业的竞争力整体上低于跨国农业垄断公司,未能掌握核心技术、因投资回报率低而不愿深耕农业以及市场机制被扭曲是中国农业企业竞争力不足的主要原因。面对跨国农业垄断公司的多维渗透,中国应加强“监督审查”以构筑农业产业发展安全网,强化“创新引领”以打造农业企业核心竞争力,主动“扎根县域”以厚植农业企业的国内发展根基,积极“乘船出海”以拓展农业企业的全球发展空间,坚持“市场主导”以优化农业企业运营市场环境,进而谋求中国农业企业与跨国农业垄断公司的竞争均势。     

Alliance competence, resources, and alliance success: Conceptualization, measurement, and initial test

This research examines the effect of an alliance competence on resource-based alliance success. The fundamental thesis guiding this research is that an alliance competence contributes to alliance success, both directly and through the acquisition and creation of resources. Using survey data gathered from 145 alliances, empirical tests of the hypotheses provide support for the posited explanation of alliance success. The findings indicate that an alliance competence is not only antecedent to the resources that are necessary for alliance success but also to alliance success itself. C. Jay Lambe (Ph.D., The Darden School at University of Virginia) is an assistant professor of marketing in the Pamplin College of Business at Virginia Tech. For 10 years prior to entering academe, he was engaged in business-to-business marketing for both Xerox and AT&T. His research interests include business-to-business marketing, relationship marketing, marketing strategy, and sales management. He has publications in theJournal of the Academy of Marketing Science, theJournal of Product Innovation Management, theEuropean Journal of Marketing, theJournal of Personal Selling and Sales Management, theInternational Journal of Management Reviews, theJournal of Business-to-Business Marketing, and theJournal of Relationship Marketing. He also serves as a reviewer for theJournal of Business-to-Business Marketing. Prior to joining the faculty at Virginia Tech, he was one of five Texas Tech University faculty members chosen in 1999 from the entire university for the annual Outstanding Faculty Member Award by the Mortar Board and Omicron Delta Kappa (Texas Tech University student organizations that recognize excellence in teaching). Robert E. Spekman is the Tayloe Murphy Professor of Business Administration at the Darden School at the University of Virginia. He was formerly a professor of marketing and associate director of the Center for Telecommunications at the University of Southern California. He is an internationally recognized authority on business-to-business marketing and strategic alliances. His consulting experiences range from marketing research and competitive analysis, to strategic market planning, supply chain management, channels of distribution design and implementation, and strategic partnering. He has taught in a number of executive programs in the United States, Canada, Latin America, Asia, and Europe. His executive program experience ranges from general marketing strategy, to sales force management, to channels strategy, to creating strategic alliances, to business-to-business marketing strategy, to a number of single-company and senior executive management programs. He has edited and/or written seven books and has authored (coauthored) more than 80 articles and papers. He also serves as a reviewer for a number of marketing and management journals, as well as for the National Science Foundation. Prior to joining the faculty at the University of Southern California, he taught in the College of Business at the University of Maryland, College Park. During his tenure at Maryland, he was granted the Most Distinguished Faculty Award by the MBA students on three separate occasions. Shelby D. Hunt is the J. B. Hoskins and P. W. Horn Professor of Marketing at Texas Tech University, Lubbock. A past editor of theJournal of Marketing (1985–87), he is the author ofModern Marketing Theory: Critical Issues in the Philosophy of Marketing Science (South-Western, 1991) andA General Theory of Competition: Resources, Competences, Productivity, Economic Growth (Sage, 2000). He has written numerous articles on competitive theory, macromarketing, ethics, channels of distribution, philosophy of science, and marketing theory. Three of hisJournal of Marketing articles—“The Nature and Scope of Marketing” (1976), “General Theories and Fundamental Explananda of Marketing” (1983), and “The Comparative Advantage Theory of Competition” (1995) (with Robert M. Morgan)—won the Harold H. Maynard Award for the best article on marketing theory. His 1985Journal of Business Research article with Lawrence B. Chonko, “Ethics and Marketing Management,” received the 2000 Elsevier Science Exceptional Quality and High Scholarly Impact award. His 1989 article, ”Reification and Realism in Marketing: in Defense of Reason,” won theJournal of Macromarketing Charles C. Slater Award. For his contributions to theory and science in marketing, he received the 1986 Paul D. Converse Award from the American Marketing Association, the 1987 Outstanding Marketing Educator Award from the Academy of Marketing Science, and the 1992 American Marketing Association/Richard D. Irwin Distinguished Marketing Educator Award.     

我国服务贸易发展中的问题、成因和对策研究

改革开放以来,我国对外服务贸易取得了快速增长。但由于服务贸易发展的基础不牢、服务产业结构不合理等原因,致使我国的服务贸易发展存在总体发展规模相对滞后、贸易商品集中于传统领域等问题。促进我国服务贸易又好又快发展,需要社会各界,特别是有关政府部门、相关企业及行业协会等各类主体相互配合、共同努力。     

理解凭单制:渊源、机制、模式及运用

凭单制作为政府改革工具,实质是在公共服务中引入市场机制的一种制度安排。它渊源于新自由主义经济学,从消费者角度通过强化其选择权而巧妙植入市场竞争机制。凭单制存在公平导向、效率导向及公平与效率兼顾等不同政策取向及模式。尽管它在公共部门需要一定的运作条件,但能广泛运用于包括食品、住房、医疗、教育、幼儿保健等具有融合特征的"福利物品"提供领域。     

Child labor legislation: effective, benign, both, or neither?

This paper explores the relationship between the state-specific child labor legislation and the decline in child labor that occurred in the US between 1880 and 1900. The existing literature that addresses this question uses a difference-in-difference estimation technique. We contribute to this literature in two ways. First, we argue that this estimation technique can produce misleading results due to (a) the possibility of multiplicity of equilibria and (b) the non-linearity of the underlying econometric model. Second, we develop an empirical strategy to identify the mechanism by which the legislation affected child labor decisions. In particular, besides establishing whether the legislation was effective or not, our analysis may determine whether the legislation constituted a benign policy or not, i.e., whether the legislation constrained the behavior of families (not benign) or whether it changed the labor market to a new equilibrium in which families voluntarily respected the law (benign).     

Materialism, status signaling, and product satisfaction

The consumer satisfaction literature has not, for the mos part, integrated individual values into the product evaluation process. Yet a comprehensive understanding of consumer satisfaction can best be attained by including both consumer and product factors. To demonstrate the usefulness of including individual values, this research focuses on one consumer value, namely, materialism. The authors empirically explore how this individual value is linked to consumers’ evaluations of products they have purchased. Using surveys, the authors collected data from a sample of college students (n=211) and a sample of adults (n=270). Across these two studies, using divergent samples and products, they find consistent evidence that materialism is negatively related to product satisfaction in product categories with high potential for status signaling, but unrelated to product satisfaction in product categories with lower potential for status signaling. The consumption goals that produce these product evaluations are empirically addressed Jeff Wang (jianfeng76@yahoo.com; PhD, City University of Hong Kong) is an assistant professor of marketing in the Faculty of Business at the City University of Hong Kong. This work was conducted when he was a doctoral student of marketing in the Eller College of Management at the University of Arizona. His research interests include social networks and consumer behavior, consumer satisfaction and well-being, materialism and consumption meanings, and consumer interests and public policy issues. His dissertation studies credit card debt as a socially embedded phenomenon and investigates how consumers leverage their interpersonal ties as they accumulate and repay their debt. Melanie Wallendorf (mwallendorf@eller.arizona.edu) is Soldwedel Professor of Marketing in the Eller College of Management at the University of Arizona. She holds an MS in sociology and a PhD in marketing from the University of Pittsburgh. Her articles on the sociocultural aspects of consumption have been published in theJournal of Consumer Research, Journal of Marketing Research, Advertising and Society Review, Addiction, Journal of Macromarketing, andAmerican Behavioral Scientist, among others. Her coauthored article on “The Sacred and Profane in Consumer Behavior” won theJournal of Consumer Research Best Article Award in 1992. Her research has been featured in theWall Street Journal, The Washington Post, The New York Times, American Demographics, andFortune, and has been funded by the Marketing Science Institute, the Arizona Disease Control Research Commission, and the Office of Earth Science at NASA.