房市调控或将更为收紧

在中国,潜伏的通货膨胀危机加剧,打击通货膨胀预期的压力依然很大。可以说,目前的通货膨胀危机情势,容不得中央政府有半点闪失。在2007年的基础上,2008年的房价更将和通货膨胀预期胶合在一起。目前,通货膨胀预期,有可能再次成为房价反弹回涨的理由。因而,在目前的房地产实际情势下,更在通货膨胀的不断趋高预期下,央行必然会严格按照从紧的金融政策来调控——     

人口老龄化影响财政与货币政策的有效性吗?

文章将人口结构、财政支出结构和货币政策引入新凯恩斯动态随机一般均衡框架,重点分析了人口老龄化对我国宏观调控经济政策的影响.研究结果显示:除了人口老龄化自身对经济增长的负面影响,留给宏观调控政策的腾挪空间也越发有限?影响政策调控的有效性,增加政策实施的成本.(1)除了加重财政养老负担,人口老龄化更损害财政刺激效果和财政绩效质量,限制政府实施反周期政策的能力,压缩财政政策发挥的空间;(2)老年人主导的社会对通货膨胀的容忍度将不断下调,势必削弱货币政策刺激总需求能力,增加政策实施成本,迫使中央银行改变货币政策操作方式,可能采取更激进措施以实现相同效果,强化金融脆弱性;(3)相比增加人口生育率,提高劳动参与率既是缓解短期财政养老负担、保障养老融资可持续性的关键,也是有效增加劳动供给、改善政策发挥生态环境,进而提高财政政策与货币政策有效性的权宜之计.     

货币紧缩政策抑制通货膨胀的有效性研究

货币供应与通货膨胀具有长期正相关性,而实物类资产货币化和金融类资产扩容可能延缓货币政策抑制通货膨胀的有效性。货币供应和通货膨胀的相关性使调控货币、通胀成为传统的政策手段,但在通货膨胀综合了成本推动和需求拉动的情况下,货币政策的有效性在下降,而在货币供应存在信贷配给和双轨定价等制度性约束的情况下,总量意义的货币紧缩反而会提升金融成本并对短期通货膨胀起到推波助澜的作用。从逻辑上看,高货币存量决定增量紧缩将成常态,只有消除制度约束,推进利率市场化,发挥价格变量的引导作用,才能保证货币调控的有效性。     

预期通货膨胀、非预期通货膨胀对我国居民储蓄行为的影响研究

与以往研究不同,笔者首次以1978年～2009年我国居民的广义储蓄数据为基础,根据Houthakker和Taylor提出的动态存量调整模型构建理论框架,利用ARDL方法,分别估计了预期通货膨胀、非预期通货膨胀对居民储蓄总额及结构的影响.结果表明,预期通货膨胀对居民储蓄行为有显著影响,且金融储蓄受影响程度远大于实物储蓄;除了居民存款外,预期通货膨胀对其他储蓄形式的影响均为正;非预期通货膨胀对居民储蓄的影响不显著.     

美国通货膨胀对中国通胀预期的影响研究

本文基于理性预期与预期形成的传染病学模型,将外部通货膨胀因素引入通货膨胀预期形成机制之中,采用MTARDL模型实证检验美国通货膨胀对中国通货膨胀预期的作用机制。研究结果表明,美国通货膨胀在中国通货膨胀预期形成机制中具有明显的非对称特征,其上涨对通货膨胀预期的催化效果远大于下降造成的抑制效应,而且美国通货膨胀对国内通货膨胀预期的影响存在结构性突变,相比于断点前,其影响效果在断点后更加强劲且作用过程趋于复杂化。与此同时,国内货币政策对通货膨胀预期的调控效果正逐渐下降。研究结果显示,国内货币当局在对公众通货膨胀预期引导过程中应更加注重美国通货膨胀的动态变化,同时优化货币政策的传导机制及政策效率。     

居民短期总资产配置结构与对冲通胀能力研究

本文对居民短期财富增长对冲通货膨胀的理论进行梳理,随后搜集并整理出2000-2013年我国居民金融财富和实物财富增长的季度数据.通过Eviews、Mircofit软件,对我国居民金融资产和实物资产对冲通货膨胀的能力建立解释方程,并运用ADL模型进行实证研究.长期居民财富增长同通货膨胀变动存在某种特定的均衡关系,表现为居民金融财富增长对冲预期内通货膨胀具有显著性,且方向一致;居民实物资产对冲预期外通货膨胀的能力较预期内通货膨胀大,但显著性和方向并不完全一致,取决于滞后期数.近年来我国居民财富虽增幅巨大,数据表明居民财富增长对冲通货膨胀的能力有限,但资产配置结构的调整有助于居民对冲通胀能力的提升.     

通货膨胀成本和收益的分析--对我国通货膨胀的实证检验

通货膨胀在经济理论和经济实践中都是一个重要的问题,原因是通货膨胀过高会给社会造成较高的成本,本文分析认为不仅未预期的通货膨胀而且预期通货膨胀也带来一定的成本,通货膨胀目标在各国都不为零.通过对我国货币供给增长率与通货膨胀率进行单位根检验和Granger影响关系检验表明,我国现阶段货币政策实施中货币供给仍然是重要的货币政策工具,货币供给通过影响通货膨胀而作用于经济运行.     

通过物资精细化管理，实现企业降本增效

由于市场目前通货膨胀预期强烈、原材料价格跌宕起伏,如何围绕企业生产发展目标,有效降低材料成本的消耗,已成为现代企业探讨的共同话题。物资精细化管理是企业物资管理的首选,从工作源头入手,采取多种措施,加强企业的物资精细化管理,做到降本增效,不失为提高企业效益的有效途径。     

“中国式通货膨胀”研究

本世纪初的通货膨胀治理,奠定了此后我国政府治理通货膨胀的基本思路,规划了其基本政策选择;而且为此后通货膨胀的发生、发展埋下了伏笔。深入地考察可以发现,近10年来的三次通货膨胀是一体的,它们共同组成了新时期我国通货膨胀发生、发展的"三部曲"。本文所分析的,就是上述全过程。本文分析了2003～2004年我国通货膨胀发生的背景、特点,梳理了政府的主要对策,指出:"轻总量、重结构"是通货膨胀治理政策的明显特征。这样的政策组合在当时取得了"立竿见影"的效果,也赢得了成功"点刹车"的赞誉;但并未彻底消除通货膨胀产生、发展的根源。新一轮经济增长具有的若干新特点,在迟滞通货膨胀发生、发展方面发挥了一定作用,具体如:规模经济效应带来了生产效率的大幅提升;大规模的投资补贴压低了边际生产成本;国际市场提供了广阔的回旋空间;劳动力素质的提升缓解了劳动力供给的瓶颈制约;先是在实业领域,后是在股票房地产领域,"高投资回报"预期对消费产生了一定的迟滞和替代作用,等等;但也导致通货膨胀压力快速积累,具体表现在:"亲资本"的政策导向导致了大规模的生产过剩,为股票、房地产泡沫化埋下了伏笔;收入差距的拉大和偏低的利率水平,导致大量资金涌入股票房地产市场,加剧了股票、房地产价格高估的局面;持续的房地产价格高估带来以房屋为基点的利益调整,成为推动通货膨胀的重要推动力;等等。结果,在短暂的高增长、低通胀之后,以流动性过剩为表象,以资产价格泡沫为特征的新一轮通货膨胀便更迅猛地发展起来。股票、房地产泡沫破灭、国际金融危机的负面冲击,使我国经济运行出现了"硬着陆"的风险。为此,党中央、国务院采取了一系列应对措施(其中以"4万亿投资"计划最有代表性)。但在多方力量的共同作用下,适度宽松的货币政策演化成了货币供应的"大跃进"。结果,在刺激经济运行实现"V"形反弹的同时,资产泡沫被重新吹起,并引发了新的、巨大的通货膨胀压力。本文对2010年以来我国治理通货膨胀的政策做了系统分析,指出,目前所取得的成果只是初步的;在治理通货膨胀方面,我们还有很长的路要走。当前,我国通货膨胀的发展表现出明显的成本推动特征。综合判断,本轮通货膨胀已走过前半程,目前正处在通货膨胀的后半程;今后一段时间,"结构性物价上涨"局面将会改变;均衡的、温和的物价上涨将成为我国通货膨胀的表现形式。本文提出了治理通货膨胀的若干政策建议,主要是:树立持久作战思想,坚定不移反对通货膨胀;坚持适度从紧的宏观经济政策,引导各方力量消化成本压力;理顺价格,完善机制,让市场发挥作用;政策设计要充分考虑激励共容,切实防范道德风险;完善国有资本预算,加快国有资本布局的战略性重组;打击市场操纵,维持市场秩序。     

通过物资精细化管理,实现企业降本增效

由于受全球金融危机的影响,市场目前通货膨胀预期强烈、原材料价格跌宕起伏,如何围绕企业生产发展目标,有效降低材料成本的消耗,已成为现代企业探讨的共同话题。物资精细化管理是企业物资管理的首选,从工作源头入手,采取多种措施,加强企业的物资精细化管理,做到降本增效,不失为提高企业效益的有效途径。     

预期管理理论的形成、演变与启示

本文从货币政策视角梳理了预期管理理论的形成与演变历程,探讨了对通胀预期管理的现实启示。本文研究发现,预期管理理论以货币政策可信度为核心,历经从规则与相机抉择之间的摇摆到融合政策承诺与中央银行沟通并形成前瞻性引导的过程,各种预期管理思想的引入均通过对货币政策施加各种约束,促进政策的动态一致性,提高公众预期形成的精确性。构建以新凯恩斯主义DSGE模型为基础的预期管理框架,改进以预期形成机制和金融体系的模型化为代表的模型结构,采用机制设计方法完善货币政策框架成为未来预期管理理论发展的重要方向。对于我国而言,加快以利率与汇率市场化改革为代表的金融改革,强化以价格稳定为核心的货币政策调控,并通过有效权衡稳增长、调结构与反通胀之间关系,塑造坚定的反通胀立场,形成以通胀目标为代表的名义锚。同时构造兼顾价格稳定与金融稳定的宏观审慎管理框架和中国特色的新凯恩斯主义DSGE模型,提高预期管理的可信度。     

Endogenous expectation formation methods: Evidence from consumers' inflation expectations

This paper analyzes qualitative survey data on consumers' inflation expectations with the multinomial probit model. The results provide evidence that consumers' expectations depend on monetary and fiscal policy data, unemployment rates and pas inflation rates and that consumers' forecast differently during periods of low and high inflation rates. The analysis indicates that the government policy data, especially money growth rates, had a larger impact on the expectations during periods of high inflation. The paper provides support for the hypothesis that expectation formation methods depend on economic conditions.     

预期形成机制的选择、宏观政策搭配与通胀预期管理

文章从中国宏观政策现实出发,分析了预期形成机制对宏观政策搭配及通胀预期管理的影响.研究发现,基于学习型预期的动态随机一般均衡模型不仅能刻画预期通胀与实际通胀之间的趋势一致性与持续偏离,还能反映中国人民银行所公布的物价预期指数和国家统计局所公布的消费者预期指数的变化情况.从通胀预期管理角度看,宏观政策搭配不仅受基本面因素制约,还受公众预期形成机制的显著影响,并且应适时地由传统的"一松一紧"模式转变为"双松"或"双紧"模式.在当前形势下,宏观政策应侧重于"精确制导式"的定向调控,加大经济体制改革力度,完善经济供给面,以配合总需求并锁定政策目标.同时,通过积极沟通,塑造和稳定公众对宏观政策的预期,扩大政策调控空间,以实现经济平稳增长.     

Structural Changes and the Scope of Inflation Targeting in Korea *

A small, open macroeconomic model that accounts for new financial accelerator effects (the effects of fluctuations in asset prices on bank credit and economic activity) is developed to evaluate various policy rules for inflation targeting. Given the conditions of asset markets and the fragility of the financial sector, monetary policy responses can potentially amplify the financial accelerator effect. Simulations are used to compare various forms of inflation targeting using a model that emphasizes long-term inflation expectations, output changes, and the asset price channels. The simulations suggest that a successful outcome can be obtained by adhering to simple forward-looking rules, rather than backward-looking policy rules. Furthermore, inflation targeting can contribute to price as well as output stability by helping to keep the financial accelerator from being activated. Inflation targeting in emerging economies can provide an environment conducive to long-term capital market development. [E51,F3,F4]     

Dynamic asset allocation and consumption under inflation inequality: The impacts of inflation experiences and expectations

Differences in spending patterns and in price increases across goods and services lead to the unequal inflation experiences of households (called inflation inequality). These differences then cause disagreements in inflation expectations and eventually have a significant effect on households’ asset allocation and consumption decisions. The asset allocation model in this paper explains how inflation experiences affect household investment and consumption through corresponding inflation expectations, which are characterized by long-term expected inflation, the impact coefficient of the expected inflation and the correlation between expected inflation and the risky return. Using China's economic data, the empirical results show that significant differences in inflation expectation arise from income gap, regional inequality, different inflation measures and economic sector spending differences. Using the estimated coefficients, the calibration results have policy implications that households need more financing channels to resist inflation, especially in rural areas and in the raw material sector.     

Targets and lags in a two-equation model of US stabilization

A simple model of activist macroeconomic policy derives a reaction function by assuming that rational governments have performance objectives, but are constrained by the Phillips curve. Although not formally modeled, governments apply a variety of instruments to influence inflation and output, in addition to monetary policy these include fiscal policy, bailouts and exchange rates. Our econometric results are generally consistent with US economic history. One qualification is that governments appear more likely to target growth rates than output gaps. Another inference is that inflation expectations are more likely to be backward than forward looking; a variety of rational expectation models fit the data less well than do simple inertial expectations. We also find that annual data series are more appropriate than quarterly ones for studying these issues.     

Expectation traps in a new Keynesian open economy model

This paper illustrates that the presence of a money demand distortion in an otherwise standard new Keynesian open economy model results in multiple discretionary equilibria that arise in the form of expectations traps. If private sector inflation expectations become sufficiently unanchored, the model predicts that a monetary authority can easily be trapped into validating these expectations, thereby pushing the economy to a lower welfare equilibrium. Given the ease with which expectation traps arise in the presence of international linkages, the main result presented here suggests that maintaining well-anchored inflation expectations is a critically important policy goal for central banks in open economies.     

我国居民通胀预期的测度:基于银行间债券市场数据的方法

通胀预期测度是通胀预期管理的前提。文章基于通货膨胀持久性特征,在无套利假设下,将实际通胀率这一宏观变量纳入传统的因子模型中,并运用银行间债券市场收益率数据对我国居民通胀预期进行了估计,结果显示我国居民通胀预期并不完全满足理性预期假设,而是与实际通胀之间存在有规律的系统性偏差,短期实际利率的变动是造成偏差的主要原因。文章认为通过强化货币政策前瞻性可以消除这种偏差,从而抑制实际通货膨胀水平。     

Learning process and rational expectations: An analysis using a small macro-economic model for New Zealand

The nature of expectations matters when conducting monetary policy. Models with a learning process can exhibit very different properties from models with other types of expectation rules. This paper draws on the work of Orphanides and Williams [Orphanides, A., Williams, J.C. 2002. Imperfect knowledge, inflation expectations and monetary policy, Federal Reserve Board Finance and Economics Discussion Series, 2002-27], extending it to allow for the possibility that the learning process may not be perpetual, but rather might be converging towards a rational expectations equilibrium. By modelling expectations using a learning process, we obtain that inflation expectations in New Zealand are moving towards rational expectations. The closer expectations are to rational, the more inflation can be reduced without costs, thus arguing for a rather tough policy aimed at anchoring expectations on the target.     

Quantification and characteristics of household inflation expectations in Switzerland

Inflation expectations are a key variable in conducting monetary policy. However, these expectations are generally unobservable and only certain proxy variables exist, such as surveys on inflation expectations. This article offers guidance on the appropriate quantification of household inflation expectations in the Swiss Consumer Survey, where answers are qualitative in nature. We apply and evaluate different variants of the probability approach and the regression approach; we demonstrate that models that include answers on perceived inflation and allow for time-varying response thresholds yield the best results; and we show why the originally proposed approach of Fluri and Spörndli (1987) has resulted in heavily biased inflation expectations since the mid-1990s. Furthermore, we discuss some of the key features of Swiss household inflation expectations, i.e. the fact that there has been a shift in expectation formation since 2000 (expectations are better anchored and less adaptive, and there is lower disagreement of expectations). We suggest that this may be linked to the Swiss National Bank’s adjustment of its monetary policy framework around this time. In addition, we outline how expectation formation in Switzerland is in line with the sticky information model, where information disseminates slowly from professional forecasters to households.