“新共识”宏观经济学货币政策理论述评

“新共识”宏观经济学产生于20世纪90年代，本世纪以来出现大量经典文献并得到进一步发展。在“新共识”宏观经济模型中，货币存量不起作用，但货币政策在“新共识”中被赋予了非常重要的作用。因为通货膨胀对经济效率和增长具有破坏性作用，而货币政策可以决定通货膨胀。“新共识”宏观经济学中的货币政策采用盯住通货膨胀的方式，通过调节利率将通货膨胀控制在一个较低的水平。利率可以通过利率渠道、财富效应渠道、汇率渠道、货币渠道、窄的信贷渠道和宽的信贷渠道六个渠道对经济产生影响，以实现它的最终目标。“新共识”宏观经济学与传统的凯恩斯主义和20世纪80年代的新凯恩斯主义有很大的不同，在某些政策主张上甚至“恢复”了货币主义。     

我国货币政策信贷传导机制有效性分析

货币政策的传导机制有效性直接影响着货币政策的实施效果。目前,我国货币政策传导主要还是依靠信贷渠道。在信贷传导为主要渠道的条件下分析现有货币政策的传导机制有效性,利用回归分析各传导渠道的有效性,并且提出利于货币政策传导效率提高的有效的政策建议。     

应对通货膨胀 实行从紧货币政策

全球已经进入持续通货膨胀时期,国内面临价格持续上涨和人民币汇率持续升值预期。我国货币政策存在效率下降、利率与汇率政策不协调导致货币自测自我游戏、货币政策目标相互矛盾等问题,不利于抑制通货膨胀。为有效应对通货膨胀,应尽快实施从紧货币政策,控制信贷规模,缩小利差,加快外汇储备运用。     

法定数字货币对货币政策传导效率的影响——基于消费和信贷双摩擦视角

法定数字货币推出是货币形态转变的历史性事件,将对货币金融体系产生深远影响。本文基于我国法定数字货币未来的功能定位演化,从消费摩擦和信贷摩擦视角拓展NK-DSGE模型,分析法定数字货币对货币政策传导效率的影响。研究发现,如果法定数字货币仅定位于替代M0,可以减少居民消费摩擦,通过需求端的消费渠道提升货币政策对产出和通货膨胀的传导效率;而如果法定数字货币实现全面化智能化应用,在减少居民消费摩擦的同时,还可以消除企业与银行间的信息不对称,降低企业信贷摩擦和融资溢价,通过需求端的消费、投资及供给端的劳动力需求、企业利润等渠道提升货币政策对产出和通货膨胀的传导效率。我国法定数字货币仍处于试点阶段,应对其进行全面评估,功能方面从替代M0延伸至全面化智能化应用,并处理好信息保护问题,打造更具安全性和包容性的新型金融基础设施。     

我国货币政策传导渠道及货币政策有效性研究

本文从货币渠道和信贷渠道入手,分析了我国货币政策的传导渠道,认为信贷渠道是我国货币政策传导的主要渠道,但由于存在存贷款利率管制和商业银行信贷行为扭曲,使我国信贷渠道不畅.同时由于股票市场不完善,从而影响我国消费与投资的增长,削弱货币政策传导的有效性.因此,应通过商业银行产权制度改革、利率市场化改革、建立健全金融市场及加速中央银行体制改革等措施,来完善我国货币政策的传导渠道,提高货币政策的有效性.     

货币政策传导机制探析——基于传导渠道的分析

文章对货币政策传导理论中的利率渠道、资产价格渠道、信贷渠道进行了分析。结合我国实际情况分析了我国货币政策传导的利率渠道、资产价格渠道和信贷渠道存在的不畅问题,针对传导渠道存在的问题,提出完善我国货币政策传导渠道的思路。     

我国货币政策传导渠道探析

本文对货币政策传导理论中的利率渠道、资产价格渠道、信贷渠道进行了分析。结合我国实际情况分析了我国货币政策传导的利率渠道、资产价格渠道和信贷渠道存在的不畅问题，针对传导渠道存在的问题，提出完善我国货币政策传导渠道的思路。     

我国货币政策信贷渠道研究——基于贷款供给函数的再考察

货币政策信贷渠道是基于价格传导机制的放大效应,不能将其与信贷配给相混淆,而应理解为直接通过信贷供给的变动作用于实体经济的数量传导机制。运用CC-LM模型和贷款供给函数分析我国货币政策信贷渠道传导机制,并运用动态广义矩方法进一步估计我国货币政策贷款供给函数后得知:第一,虽然我国满足信贷渠道必须的金融摩擦条件,但是其所依附的价格传导机制并不畅通,无法放大货币政策的效果。第二,我国垄断性的银行业结构会影响货币政策的信贷传导机制。因此,未来的货币政策渠道将以规范化的利率渠道作为货币政策传导的主体,而信贷渠道应作为货币政策传导的辅助性机制存在。     

人口老龄化对我国货币政策传导机制的影响

随着我国人口老龄化程度的加深,老龄化对货币政策实施效果必然带来影响,成为倒逼金融业实施金融创新的重要因素。本文在厘清我国货币政策信贷传导机制的发展脉络的基础上,分析了人口老龄化对我国货币政策信贷传导渠道的影响机制,并采用2002—2012年相关数据作为变量指标,实证分析了人口老龄化对我国货币政策的信贷传导影响。研究表明,我国人口老龄化对货币政策信贷传导机制有效,我国货币政策信贷传导机制是货币政策传导的重要渠道。据此本文提出了相关政策建议。     

我国货币政策传导的信贷渠道研究

货币政策影响实体经济的方式和路径,即为货币政策的传导机制,货币政策的传导机制很大程度上决定了货币政策的有效性,因此,一直以来,货币政策传导机制是货币政策理论的核心内容之一。信贷渠道理论作为货币政策的传导渠道理论之一,对货币政策的实施效果有着重要的作用,通过分析信贷渠道在我国的发展以及其在货币政策传导中的重要性,认为信贷渠道在我国货币政策的传导机制中是有效的且占主导地位的。     

Changing transmission of monetary policy on disaggregate inflation in India

This paper investigates the time-varying effects of monetary policy on aggregate, sectoral, and disaggregate inflation in India from 1997 to 2017 using a large dataset of 439 variables. We find that the effectiveness of a contractionary monetary policy in controlling aggregate inflation has improved over time. This improvement in the policy's effectiveness can be attributed to better transmission through credit and asset price channels. In investigating disaggregate inflation, we find that a contractionary monetary policy is more effective in reducing inflation in the manufacturing sector than in the agricultural sector. Further, the sacrifice ratios in all manufacturing sectors have improved over time. However, the commodities prices of some sectors respond positively after a monetary contraction, which demonstrates the presence of a cost channel in the Indian economy. Our findings suggest that the monetary authority in India should have an interest rate rule that incorporates sectoral inflation and reacts to each with different intensity.     

Credit and inflation under borrower?s lack of commitment

In this paper we study the effects of monetary policy on privately supplied credit in model economies where money is needed for transaction purposes and agents who default on their loans cannot participate in the credit market but are allowed to accumulate money. In our deterministic benchmark economy where agents alternate in productivity, credit has the role of smoothing consumption. We show that deflation crowds out credit completely. The reason is that deflation increases the value of being excluded from the credit market and eliminates the incentive to repay loans. When inflation is positive but low, credit, consumption smoothing and welfare increase with inflation, until inflation reaches a threshold at which the allocation is efficient and money becomes superneutral.     

Monetary policy and credit cards: Evidence from a small open economy

This paper uses a unique monthly data set that covers the overall credit card usage in a small-open economy, Turkey, to investigate a possible credit channel of monetary policy transmission through credit cards. A reduced-form vector autoregression analysis is employed, where the forecast error variance decompositions are calculated for three-year windows over the period 2002–2009. It is shown that, during the recent financial crisis that has started in 2007, the monetary policy of Turkey has shifted toward focusing on output volatility and interest rate smoothing through setting short-term interest rates, while the inflation rate has been mostly affected by exchange rate movements and inflation inertia. Credit card usage has an increasing effect on inflation rates through time, requiring more policy emphasis on the credit channel through credit cards. When the effects of the credit view and the money view are compared, the former seems to be more effective on the real side of the economy, independent of the level of inflation.     

Monetary policy transmission mechanisms in Serbia: evidence from the fully-fledged inflation targeting regime

This article examines the effectiveness of monetary transmission mechanisms in the Serbian economy, covering the period from January 2009 (the point at which the formal switch to the fully-fledged inflation targeting regime was made) to December 2013. The results of the recursive VAR models suggest that the exchange rate and credit channels play a major role in the monetary transmission process, whereas this is not true in the case of the interest rate channel. However, the results of the non-recursive VAR models show that the role of the exchange rate has diminished over time. On the other hand, the credit channel has become much more influential. Thus, if one of the overriding objectives of adopting the explicit inflation targeting regime is to enhance the importance of other channels apart from the exchange rate channel, which could make monetary policy more effective in achieving price and financial stability, the switch to the inflation targeting regime is justified.     

On the complementarity of money and credit

I propose a model where agents choose to conduct their business using two payment instruments, money and bilateral credit. A friction in the timing of transactions rationalizes the use of both instruments and makes it optimal for agents to use money as a means of settlement for credit. Money and credit complement each other. With anticipated inflation, complementarity implies that the credit to money ratio decreases with inflation.     

On the Optimality of Restricting Credit: Inflation Avoidance and Productivity

The paper presents a model in which the consumer uses up resources in order to avoid the inflation tax through the use of exchange credit. In an example economy without capital, the credit tax is optimal when the resource loss from credit use dominates the productivity effect and the inefficiency of substitution towards leisure as a result of the credit tax. The paper also examines second-best inflation policy in this context, given a credit tax. It then extends the economy to an endogenous growth setting and shows how restricting inflation avoidance can increase productivity.
JEL Classification Numbers: E13, E51, E61, G21.     

中国上市公司商业信用 周期性变化的宏观经济动因研究

本文为了揭示中国上市公司商业信用周期性变化的宏观经济动因,构建了一个宏观经济因素影响上市公司商业信用行为的理论分析框架,从宏观和微观两个层面分析了宏观经济发展状况、货币政策和通货膨胀水平对中国上市公司商业信用周期性变化的影响机理。利用中国上市公司季度面板数据进行了实证检验。结果显示,随着货币政策宽松、宏观经济扩张和通货膨胀水平的增加,中国上市公司提供的商业信用净额都显著降低。这些研究结果折射出,当货币政策收紧或宏观经济收缩时,商业信用资金从上市公司部门流向非上市企业部门;反之,当货币政策过度宽松或宏观经济过度扩张时,上市公司部门通过商业信用渠道从非上市企业部门吸纳商业信用资金。     

STICKY PRICES AND COSTLY CREDIT

We develop a theory of money and credit as competing payment instruments, then put it to work in applications. Agents use cash and credit because the former (latter) is subject to the inflation tax (transaction costs). Frictions that make the choice of payment method interesting also imply equilibrium price dispersion. We derive closed-form solutions for money demand, and show how to simultaneously account for the price-change facts, cash–credit shares in micro data, and money-interest correlations in macro data. The effects of inflation on welfare, price dispersion and markups are discussed, as are nonstationary equilibria with dynamics in the price distribution.     

Corporate credit,stock price inflation and economic fluctuations

This study analyses the empirical interaction between real corporate credit, real income, real stock prices, the short-term interest rate and inflation for the Netherlands and the USA. The framework is based on a five-variable structural vector error correction model which identifies the permanent and temporary shocks within the system. Erratic shocks in the real amount of corporate credit and in stock prices could potentially have some impact on inflation in the case of the USA and on real output in the Netherlands. However, the structural VAR analysis also shows that the above-mentioned erratic shocks only explain a small proportion of the variation in inflation and economic activity, and inflation objective shifts and supply side shocks are much more important determinants for economic fluctuations.     

评级机构竞争、声誉与债券信用评级质量

本文以我国2010—2014年的企业债和公司债为样本,构建了新的声誉指标,分析了声誉机制和评级机构竞争对债券信用评级质量的作用机理。结果表明：高声誉的评级机构出具的债券信用评级具有较高的评级质量;评级机构竞争加剧了评级虚高,降低了债券信用评级质量;声誉机制能够抑制评级机构竞争导致的评级虚高,提高债券信用评级质量。本文为衡量我国评级机构声誉提供了新的视角,有助于辩证地看待评级机构竞争的影响。