The aid basis and aid ways to decline industry of China

Firstly, this article simply introduces the meaning of decline industry and some points should be paid attention to when understand the meaning. Secondly, it is pointed out that the reason of aid to decline industry is the irreversibility of production factors＇ allocation： assets of special-purpose, labor barrier. Finally, some methods are introduced to aid decline industry.     

Growth and decline of the paper industry: an econometric analysis of US regions

An explanation was sought of the different growth of the paper and paperboard industries in regions of the United States. To that end, a theory of regional demand and supply was formulated. Elasticities of regional production with respect to important supply and demand factors were then calculated by econometric methods, with data for the period 1950–78. These elasticities were used, together with the observed average annual percentage changes of the corresponding variables, to determine the contribution each had on the growth of production. The results indicated that demand was the major factor causing the differences in growth rates. The rapid growth of paper and paperboard production in the regions of the South and West was spurred mostly by high economic and demographic growth in their market area. Supply (cost) factors, and the price of paper substitutes, were found to have played a minor role in comparison.     

The real peso–dollar rate and US–Mexico industry trade: an asymmetric analysis

In an attempt to improve upon previous analyses and find further evidence for exchange rate theories such as the ‘J‐curve', numerous studies have introduced novel econometric approaches that might help uncover significant results through disaggregation and nonlinearity. This study applies the nonlinear cointegration method of Shin et al . ( 2014 ) to US–Mexican trade balances in 91 individual industries. While the linear model yields support for the ‘J‐curve' effect in 16 industries, the nonlinear model raises this number to 29 which includes the two largest industries that engage in 35% of the trade between two countries. Furthermore, while the short‐run asymmetric effects of exchange rate changes were discovered in almost all industries, short‐run effects translated to significant long‐run asymmetric effects in 52 industries.     

Sectoral variability and the foundations of optimal inflation rate

The recent monetary search models argue that the real effects of inflation on economic activity can be gauged through relative price variability (RPV). Our study uses a large panel data of 32 developed and emerging European economies to test the relationship between inflation and RPV. We use a panel threshold model to explore the regime-specific effects of inflation on RPV. Our results confirm a non-linear profile of the relationship between inflation and RPV. Consistent with the monetary search models, our results show that the effects of inflation on the RPV are more significant in its low (below 0.792% per annum) and high (beyond 2.064% per annum) regimes. Finally, we also report a strong moderating role of central bank independence (CBI) in the inflation–RPV relationship.     

Environmental regulation of technically inefficient firms

This paper presents a model in which a technically inefficient firm is responsible for the emissions of pollutants. We derive second-best regulatory schemes (tax and quota) assuming that the firm’s technical efficiency is unknown to the regulator.     

Designing an optimal contest

The paper brings a mechanism design perspective to the study of contests. We consider the problem of selecting a contest success function when the contest designer may also value the prize. We show that any equilibrium outcome that can be achieved by a concave increasing contest success function can be replicated by a linear contest success function. An expected utility maximizing designer should employ a linear homogeneous contest success function. We explicitly derive the optimal contest for a risk-neutral designer and present comparative statics results. Tullock's contest is optimal only when the designer's valuation for the prize is low.     

The relationship between risk and rate of return on capital in UK industry

Quarterly data from the International Finance Statistics of the international Monetary Fund is used to test the long-run implications of the neoclassical stochastic growth model for ten OECD countires – Canada, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, Switzerland, Japan, the United Kingdom and the united States. In doing so, Johasen's maximum likelihood approach for estimating and testing long-run stedy-state relations in multivariate vector autoregressive models is used (Johansen, S. (1988) Statistical analysis of cointegration vectors. Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, 231 –54).     

The demand of energy from an optimal portfolio choice perspective

This paper analyses the demand for energy sector by employing a model form strategic asset allocation literature and quantifying the welfare losses incurred by an investor due to sub-optimal asset allocation. Our sample group includes fifteen major oil producing and consuming countries. We analyze the short-run and long-run desirability of energy sector in the optimal portfolio of an investor with varying level of risk aversion; that is, risk averse and risk tolerant investors. Our results show that the portfolio demand for energy sector is myopic or short-run. For long-run investors, investing in a portfolio of equity market and government bonds is a better proposition. In addition, energy sector is more desirable for risk tolerant investors.     

The role of monetary policy credibility in explaining the decline in exchange rate pass-through in South Africa

This paper investigates the key factors that explain the documented decline in the exchange rate pass-through in South Africa over the past two decades. The paper finds that this outcome is largely due to improved monetary policy credibility. The South African Reserve Bank has become more credible since the adoption of the inflation target regime through improved communication, transparency, and independence. We show that credibility is enhanced through a gradual disinflation process and reduction of inflation volatility. As result, expectations of agents have become well-anchored at levels that are consistent with its objectives of keeping inflation within the official target range of 3–6 percent even in the presence of external shocks. This in turn reduces the exchange rate pass-through. This finding is important from a monetary policy perspective not only for South Africa but other emerging economies such as Turkey as it shows that improving monetary policy credibility is a key ingredient to reducing exchange rate pass-through.     

Privatization and optimal share release in the Chinese banking industry

This paper establishes a mixed oligopoly model to explore how the government determines the percentage of shares of the state-owned banks to be released to foreign investors under the goal of seeking to maximize social welfare. The theoretical model finds that the release of shares of state-owned banks to foreign investors will reduce the outputs of the state-owned banks. The direction of the change in the profitability of the state-owned banks depends on the percentage of the shares released. The direction of the changes in the levels of social welfare also varies. If the gap in production efficiency between the state-owned banks and private banks is not large enough, we can be certain that a partial release of shares is the government's best policy.     

Linear Pigovian taxes and the optimal size of a polluting industry

Confusion surrounding the appropriateness of long-run considerations in effluent regulation has arisen in the literature and recently carried over into textbooks. We use a factor input model under oligopsony to show that, when firms can influence the level of marginal damages, a linear pollution tax does not satisfy the long-run entry-exit condition. Previous results to the contrary are shown to depend on restrictive assumptions. Efficient policy design requires a lump-sum refund or any one of various non-linear pricing schemes. JEL Classification: Q2, L1
Il y a beaucoup de confusion dans les débats qui entourent la réglementation des effluents, et son caractère plus ou moins appropriéà long terme, tant dans la littérature spécialisée que dans les manuels. Les auteurs tentent d'éliminer cette confusion en analysant les émissions à l'aide d'un modèle standard de demande d'intrant. Quand les entreprises peuvent influencer la valeur présente des dommages marginaux, un impôt linéaire sur la pollution n'entraîne pas nécessairement les décisions appropriées d'entrée et de sortie. On peut corriger le problème à l'aide d'un remboursement forfaitaire ou de l'une ou l'autre des formes de tarification non-linéaire.     

Optimal size, optimal timing and optimal financing of an investment

Corporate investment is an important determinant of economic well-being. The existing literature identifies optimal investment size and timing without the possibility of debt financing, as well as the effect of debt financing on investment timing without the option to choose investment size. This paper contributes to the literature by identifying the optimal size, optimal timing and optimal financing for an investment when the firm controls all three decisions (as it usually does in practice). The investment size and investment trigger are generally positively related: when investment is delayed (accelerated) it is larger (smaller) in size, thus the overall effect on investment is ambiguous. However, when tax rate or bankruptcy cost is increased, the trigger rises and size falls, hence the effect on investment is unambiguously negative. The effect of debt financing on investment depends on the amount of debt used; with the optimal amount of debt, investment is delayed relative to the no-debt case, and this delay can be economically significant; however, the investment, when eventually made, will be larger in size. Overall, it is not appropriate to ignore either the firm’s ability to choose investment size or its option to use debt financing, when modeling the investment decision.     

Did fictitious profits contribute to the decline in the rate of profit?

Zusammenfassung Ein auf Anschaffungskosten basierendes Steuersystem führt in Zeiten steigender Inflationsraten zu Scheingewinnen und somit einer Erhöhung der realen Steuerbelastung. Als Folge wird ein Absinken des Ertrags pro eingesetzter Kapitaleinheit angeführt. Der folgende Aufsatz zeigt jedoch, daß diesem negative Effekt die Abzugsfähigkeit der Nominalzinsen und die in Österreich betriebene Zinspolitik als neutralisierende Einflüsse gegenüberstehen. Solange die Inflationsrate unter 10% bleibt und eine autonome Zinspolitik betrieben werden kann, bleibt die reale Ertragskraft des Eigenkapitals erhalten.     

Expected inflation and the optimal number of nominal wage rate revisions

A neglected aspect of wage contracts, namely the number of times that the nominal wage rate will be revised during the course of a non-indexed contract, is considered. Theory and evidence suggest that the optimal number of revisions depends on the cost of each revision, expected inflation and contract length.     

The industrial implications of an optimal reflationary mix for the British economy

This paper derives an optimal reflationary mix for the next decade and comments on the industrial implications of this policy. The discussion is based on simulations of the multisectoral dynamic model of the UK economy developed by members of the Cambridge Growth Project. The results suggest that the concentration on macroeconomic policy alone may be misguided and that instruments which attack the roots of Britain's industrial problems should receive more attention. The paper also demonstrates that the optimal control procedure is a reliable tool for steering an economy towards a desired target trajectory and that this is feasible for very large econometric models.     

Variable unit costs in an output-regulated industry: The Fishery

Departing from general cost theory of the firm and bioeconomic theory of the fishery, this study contributes with an empirical examination of how variable unit costs in a Norwegian demersal and pelagic fishery depend on output and the fish stock. The identification of the separate effects that the two factors have on costs is not common in the literature. Three Norwegian fleets fishing Norwegian spring spawning herring (Clupea Harengus) and five Norwegian fleets fishing Northeast Arctic cod (Gadus Morhua) are evaluated. The findings indicate that variable unit costs fall in output in both fisheries. The results also show that variable unit costs fall in fish stock in the demersal fishery, but with a stock elasticity of variable unit costs in absolute terms significantly less than 1. These results are of relevance to a manager seeking the optimal harvest rule and to understand fishermen's incentives when individual vessel quotas are reduced.     

Scotland as an optimal currency area

The June 2016 UK referendum on continued EU membership where the people of Scotland voted to remain, while the rest of the United Kingdom voted to leave, once again makes the issue of whether Scotland is an optimal currency area very topical. England voted strongly to leave Europe while Scotland backed remain by 62% to 38%. The Scottish government published its draft bill on a second independence referendum in October 2016. The move does not mean another referendum will definitely be held, but this does raise the possibility that Scotland might choose independence and staying in the EU without the rest of the United Kingdom. If Scotland charts a course of independence from the rest of the United Kingdom, then they would likely either issue their own currency or join or form another currency area. In this paper, we test the microeconomic foundations of a common currency area for Scotland, United Kingdom, and the rest of the United Kingdom without Scotland. We find that the United Kingdom, Scotland, and the United Kingdom without Scotland all meet the microeconomic criteria for a common currency area. In contrast, banking data suggest that lending in Scotland is different from lending in the rest of the United Kingdom, adding some doubt to the issue of whether or not Scotland is a common currency area with the United Kingdom.     

Toward an analytical industry classification

Two kinds of difficulties retard progress in technological forecasting uncertainties inherent in the subject itself and imprecision in its concepts. The latter difficulty exists whenever words have to be used in a general or traditional sense due to the lack of an agreed-upon operational definition. One such word and concept is industry [1]. The object of this paper is to present an operational definition of “industry” for use in forecasting, R&D, or innovative contexts, and to show how predictive, rather than just analogue, statements can then be made about industry and industries.     

Are inefficient entrepreneurs driven out of the market?

This paper challenges the widespread belief that competitive markets favor entrepreneurs who operate efficient technologies. In the context of a dynamically incomplete markets model, I show that, ceteris paribus, entrepreneurs operating efficient technologies can be driven out of a competitive market by entrepreneurs operating inefficient technologies.