The Economic Effects of Public Housing in Australia*

Public housing provides subsidized shelter to approximately 300 000 families in Australia. This paper provides the first estimates of the effects of the program on die consumption pattern of participants, and of the benefits they derive from U. It also examines the distribution of benefits among participants. The effects of the public housing programs are compared with those under an alternative program of equivalent-value, unrestricted cash grants.     

The Cost of Public Funds in Australia*

A model of labour supply is used to calculate Australia's marginal cost of public funds, which is the appropriate cut-off benefit/ cost ratio for an additional public project. The labour supply model incorporates effective average and marginal tax rates faced by the representative household in each gross income decile. These rates are estimated from the ABS 1988–89 Household Expenditure Survey. A simulation analysis is performed to calculate the effect on labour supply of a 1 per cent increase in marginal tax rates. The estimated changes in tax revenues and deadweight loss in each decile are used to estimate the marginal cost of public funds.     

Progressive Tax-Based Tenure Choice: A study of Korean Housing Rentals

In Korea, there exists a unique form of housing rental called the “Chun-Sae” (C.S.). The purpose of this paper is to provide a theoretical model for tax-based tenure choice between ownership and rental, to develop a model to evaluate the C.S. price, and to seek an explanation for the currently observed anomaly (i.e., a wide disparity between the present value of C.S. and the market price of house). The model is also found to be useful in evaluating the effectiveness of capital gain tax on a second house. [210]     

The Real Story of Housing Prices in Australia from 1970 to 2003

Despite the popular and public policy interest in housing prices, there have been few reliable published data for housing prices in Australia. In this article we aim to provide an authoritative account of prices for houses and apartments (units) in Australia from 1970 to 2003. Where possible we draw on data from land title offices or on studies that draw on these data, but we also draw on supplementary data in some cases. The first part of the article describes the major data sources of Australian house prices. The main body of the article provides our best estimates of median house and unit prices and real price indices in the capital cities and in the rest of Australia along with explanations for their derivations. We also estimate how improvements in housing quality have influenced real house prices.     

农民收入多元化与农地产权偏好:约束与动态选择——理论框架与来自赣、苏、桂三省578份农户问卷调查的经验

基于多重约束条件下农民经济行为不确定性和动态选择性的特征,构建了当前中国农民收入多元化与农地产权偏好的理论框架;应用赣、苏、桂三省578份农户问卷调查资料,采用multinomial模型初步检验农民农地产权偏好与收入多元化的相关性.最后提出有关政策建议.     

Group Dynamics of Corruption in Public Organizations

Abstract

When there are two groups of officials in a public organization, we show that depending on the groups’ behavior – collusive or competitive – increasing the level of monitoring and punishment may have different impacts on corruption. If the two groups of public officials had been demonstrating collusive behavior, increased monitoring or punishment reduces both the level of corrupt activities and the corrupt officials’ bribe revenues. However, if the groups had not been colluding, increased monitoring reduces the level of corruption, but increases the corruption revenues collected. Only after reaching the optimum level of monitoring, is this result reversed.     

The Efficiency of Tenure Contracts in Academic Employment

Academic research is a public good whose production is supported by the tuition‐paying students that a faculty's research accomplishments attract. A professor's spot contribution to the university's revenues thus depends not on her spot research production, but rather on her entire cumulative research record. We show that, under a broad range of education market conditions, a profit‐maximizing university will apply a “high” minimum retention standard to the production of a junior professor who has no record of past research, but a “zero” retention standard to the spot production of a more senior professor whose background includes accomplishments sufficient to have cleared the “high” probationary hurdle. But if and when those education market conditions change, tenure‐based contracts may cease to be optimal.     

农民的土地产权稳定性意愿及其对土地产权稳定性的影响

定性分析了农民土地产权稳定性意愿对土地产权稳定性的可能影响,并利用抽样调查的数据对农民土地产权稳定性意愿与土地产权稳定性之间的关系进行了定量分析。结果揭示,在调查区域,农民的土地产权稳定性意愿并未得到尊重,即农民意愿对土地产权稳定性未能发挥显著影响。     

The Impact of Health, Education and Housing Outlays upon Income Distribution in Australia in the 1990s

The distributional impact of public expenditure on such programs as health, education and housing is frequently ignored in studies of income distribution. This may bias assessment of both the relative living standards of different types of families at any particular point in time and of trends in income inequality over time. This article provides estimates for the 1990s of the combined distributional impact of public outlays on health, education and housing. The analysis indicates that the major beneficiaries of public outlays on these services are families with children and the aged. The pattern of receipt shows a strong life-cycle effect, with the value of non-cash benefits peaking in the 30s and 40s and rising again in retirement. Non-cash benefits are also shown to have an equalising effect upon income distribution.     

Information Shocks and the Dynamics of the Housing Market*

In this paper, we analyze housing‐market reactions to the release of previously unpublished information on school quality. Using high‐quality housing data, which precisely bracket the timing of the information shock, we investigate housing‐price dynamics within school‐catchment areas. We find a robust short‐term housing‐market reaction to the publication of school‐quality indicators, suggesting that this information was new to the households, and that households are willing to pay for better schools. The publication effect does not seem to be permanent as prices revert to pre‐publication levels after two to three months.     

基于系统动力学的成都市商品住宅市场系统仿真研究

近几年,随着西部经济的快速发展,成都市商品住宅市场规模逐年扩大,商品房品质逐步提升,但在高速发展的同时,也伴随着房价逐步走高、商品房投资额增幅加大、市场内部结构不合理等现象。基于住宅市场的一般发展规律,分析了住宅市场的影响因素,在系统动力学理论基础上建立了成都市商品住宅市场的系统动力学模型,并对模型进行计算机仿真实验,从而对成都市商品住宅市场的发展趋势进行预测,为成都市政府制定相应的商品房政策提供了理论依据。     

Tied Down Or Room To Move? Investigating The Relationships Between Housing Tenure,Employment Status And Residential Mobility In Britain

Using data from the British Household Panel Survey, we investigate the relationships between labour market dynamics, housing tenure and residential mobility. Panel data allow the study of the sequence of household moves and individual labour market status changes, enabling unique analysis of the relationship between job and residential mobility. Our findings suggest that the unemployed are more likely to move than employees. A desire to move motivated by employment reasons has the single largest positive impact on the probability of moving between regions.     

Sectoral Employment Dynamics in Australia and the COVID-19 Pandemic

We develop a multivariate time series model of employment in 19 sectors for Australia. We use this model to determine the long-run effect of a 1% increase in economic activity in any chosen sector on aggregate employment. Our findings point to manufacturing and construction sectors as those that generate the largest positive spillovers for the aggregate economy. Moreover, we provide an interactive web-based app that produces our model's forecasts based on any user-specified scenario. As the restrictions associated with the COVID-19 pandemic evolve, the sectoral employment multipliers together with these interactive tools will provide useful information for policymakers.