公司印章法律问题研究——论公司印章的人格物属性

公司印章是公司对内进行管理，对外为表示行为的重要象征物和代表物。本文提出公司印章的人格物法律属性，以此为基础重构公司印章纠纷解决方式，更好实现我国法律对公司人格利益的保护。     

关联公司人格混同情形下法人人格否认问题之探讨

随着我国市场经济的快速发展,许多投资者投资设立多个公司,以实现自己利益的最大化,关联公司应然而生。在实践中,大量出现投资者利用其设立或者控股的各个公司来进行有利于自身利益的行为,比如转移关联公司的财产,以最大化实现自己的利益。与之同时,许多关联公司发生人格混同的司法案件在实践中出现,并且成上升趋势,典型案例为最高法2013年公布的指导案例15号。虽然,我国公司法规定了法人人格否认的规则,即公司股东滥用公司法人独立地位和股东有限责任,逃避债务,严重损害公司债权人利益的,应当对公司债务承担连带责任。但是我国法律并没有规定关联公司发生人格混同的情形下要否认法人独立地位,也没有人格混同的法律概念。实践中关联公司发生人格混同的情形下,是否能够适用公司法第二十条第三款规定的法人人格否认规则,从指导案例15号的判决中可以看出,我国人民法院将关联公司发生人格混同的情形扩大至法人人格否认制度,理由是为了保护债权人的利益。这样的处理方法是否妥当?为此,本文试图通过分析司法实践中有关关联公司人格混同的案例,比较相关案例判决的异同,在结合法人人格否认制度的理论基础,从而给出作者的一些建议。     

海上保险的保险利益研究

没有保险利益就不能得到赔偿是海上保险法律中的一条重要原则。但根据该原则,在许多情形下,虽然保险标的因保险事故灭失损坏,并导致被保险人经济利益受损,被保险人却无权获得保险赔偿,因为其与保险标的不具有“法律上认可”的利益。本文通过案例探讨一下保险利益适用的原则。     

浅议公司法人人格否认制度

我国2005年《公司法》确立了公司法人人格否认制度,但是真正法律意义上的法人人格否认制度在我国司法实践活动还尚不成熟。本文从公司法人人格否认制度在我国的适用条件和现状入手,旨在探讨我国公司法人人格否认制度立法上的完善。     

论有限责任的实现及其法律适用界限

有限责任制度适用于公司、商业信托、合伙企业等各种商业组织形态.在这些企业中,有限责任通过构建商业组织和资产分割得到实现.组织化的重要功能在于通过建立公司或商业信托构建法律实体、促成资产分割并形成独立公司财产或独立信托财产从而实现商业组织所有人的有限责任.有限责任削弱了对债权人利益的保护,容易造成利益不均衡.在有限责任制度被滥用的情况下,应适用法人人格否认、实质合并规则等制度性措施予以纠正.同时,应谨慎对待有限责任在专业服务领域的适用,强调专家严格责任.     

论处分查封之物的法律效力

在财产被查封的情形,被执行人或所有权人擅自处分查封之物的,不得对抗执行申请人。查封的对抗效力是法律直接规定的结果,同处分权能和合同效力无关。查封不影响被执行人或所有权人的处分权,也不影响处分查封之物基础合同的法律效力。查封具有禁止处分的法律效果,即被执行人或所有权人不得擅自处分查封之物,否则可能引发公法上的责任。在擅自处分查封之物时,善意取得与公示对抗是两种保护善意第三人的模式。从立法论的角度来看,善意取得规则不应也无须适用于查封之物,否则会影响体系融贯,并导致制度重叠问题。查封制度具有独立的善意第三人保护规则,即查封的公示对抗规则。在公示对抗规则之下,执行申请人和善意第三人的利益得到了妥当平衡。     

德国法上人类体外胚胎的法律保护及其借鉴

基于人类体外胚胎徘徊于权利主体与权利客体之间的特点,经由德国法上体外胚胎法律保护规范与司法判例的整理,可知,在德国法的理论讨论上,很难明确地将体外胚胎直接归属于人或物。而在司法实践层面,就现有的案例而言,尽管承认对其相应的特殊保护,但法院的起诉与断案还是围绕物的基本判断而进行。通过中德之间的比较分析,认为尽管二者有其异同,但德国法上目前民法与其他法并行的保护模式较为全面,也值得借鉴。我国民法典在今后的完善过程中,可以先在民法典中原则性地规定有关人类体外胚胎的法律保护,再另行制定其他具体的单行法。     

浅谈抵押权的若干法律问题

抵押权是不转移物的占有，为担保债权的实现而在特定物上设立的一种权利。抵押权法律制度的设立对在市场经济情形下，鼓励交易，保护交易安全，具有重要的法律作用。本将从抵押权法律制度的沿革过程中新旧法律交替的法律适用、抵押权与债权和物务的关系、新型物之抵押权等若干法律问题提出浅见的观点。     

电子签名与银行客户利益的民法保护

本文就银行电子化的交易安全和运作需要法律的保护和规范,现有法律又不适用或不能完全解决问题这一客观实际,从电子签名入手,阐述了银行客户利益的民法保护.     

个人行为轨迹信息的法律属性与分类保护研究

在互联网与大数据时代,个人行为轨迹信息的价值得以彰显,成为一项重要的商业资源。应比照个人信息,对个人行为轨迹信息应否纳入法律评价和法律保护范围的问题进行探讨。可识别性是个人信息权益的逻辑基点,随着技术更迭和观念演进,识别实现了从身份到行为的扩展。通过考察识别标准,可梳理出个人行为轨迹信息从不可识别到可识别的流变。个人行为轨迹信息具有人格利益和财产利益,具备了成为受法律保护之权益或权利的条件。将个人行为轨迹信息纳入法律评价框架并不意味着要将其笼统落入个人信息的法律保护范围,而应平衡数据保护与数据自由之间的张力,构建本土化的分类保护模式,给予不同强度的保护措施。同时,应筑牢保护例外情形的原则底线。     

Almanac of anticipations: The age of affluence—of anticipation—of anxiety—of automation—of discontinuity—of longing—of overkill—of space exploration

With this survey of developments in the futures field since 1945, I.F. Clarke completes his present series for Futures. He makes two major points: that forecasting techniques have become essential tools in the management of change; and that nuclear weapons and ecological problems have added a moral dimension to the study of the future. In the next issue of Futures he will start a new series on the range of future-thinking in the USA, from the expectations of the first settlers to the Star Wars programme.     

基金公司经营融资融券业务的问题审视

融资融券业务正式运营已经开展,为证券市场带来了革命性的改革,作为证券市场的一大主体,基金公司面对融资融券也迎来了新的发展方向和挑战,本文从融资融券业务的运行机制入手,分析了基金公司融资融券的新契机,并对其即将面临的问题进行审视和剖析,进而提出策略建议.     

对基层人民银行科技工作的几点建议

银监会分设后,人民银行将专司货币政策、金融稳定、金融服务三大职能。作为人民银行的分支机构,基层人民银行的工作重心也将从金融监管调整到这三大职能上来。人民银行的科技部门,就要积极运用科技手段,为人民银行履行新的职能发挥“服务、支持、促进、发展”的作用。一、围绕三大职能搭建五大平台经过“六五打基础、七五作准备、八五大发展”几个阶段后,人民银行相继实现了核算电算化、清算网络化和办公信息化。特别是近一两年来,陆续开通了大额支付系统、信贷登记咨询系统、会计四集中系统、金融信息服务网站等系统,人民银行信息化水平又…     

The Usefulness of Measures of Consistency of Discretionary Components of Accruals in the Detection of Earnings Management

Abstract:  Prior research has shown the prevalence of measurement error in models used to estimate aggregate discretionary accruals. In these models, the incremental information content of the various components of accruals is ignored. Limited prior research and data gathered from firms under Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) litigation indicate that managers use either one or more than one component of accruals simultaneously, in a consistent way to manipulate bottom-line earnings in a given direction. I propose two measures that capture the consistency between the discretionary components of accruals and test their significance in earnings management (EM) detection in firms that have artificially added accrual manipulation and firms that were targeted by the SEC for accrual manipulation. There is evidence that this information is incrementally useful in detecting EM. This finding paves the way for improvements in the discretionary accruals measure by including consistency information from the components of aggregate accruals.     

社会主义所有制形式的改革、完善与共产党执政能力的提高

在中国,所有制形式的调整、改革与完善,先进生产力的发展,党的执政能力建设,是社会主义建设过程中密切结合在一起的三个不同层面的发展关系.应在相互促进和共同提高中促进社会的和谐发展,保证社会主义现代化建设战略目标的顺利实现.     

Summary of Results of Survey of Seminar Attendees

Abstract

The Society of Actuaries undertook a three-phase research project on mortality improvement in the three NAFTA countries: Canada, Mexico, and the U.S. Phase 1 consisted of a literature review of papers on projecting mortality levels in the future and a study of the trend in mortality improvement during this century. Phase 2 consisted of a discussion of different facets of modeling mortality rates at a seminar attended by 79 experts (actuaries, demographers, economists, and medical researchers) representing different countries. The last session of the seminar consisted of the completion of a survey by the attendees to obtain input for Phase 3, which would analyze the impact of mortality improvement on the social security system of each country. This paper summarizes the results of the survey.

The survey results illustrate the difficulty in forecasting mortality levels, because the effects of many factors that could have significant impact on mortality rates are unknown. This suggests the need for dynamic forecasting, which allows for the possibility of random shocks. A majority of the survey respondents believe that stochastic forecasting models, despite their complexity, have significant potential to add value. Respondents also believe that both historical data and cause-specific mortality forecasts are useful as input and also in validating forecasts of the aggregate levels of mortality. The challenge is to develop more sophisticated forecasting models to produce results that are relatively easy to interpret and to communicate these results to the desired audiences, including the public and policymakers.

The survey results suggest that the aggregate effect of lifestyle changes, medical advances, diseases, catastrophe, and physical environmental changes is an increase in life span. However, there is much uncertainty about the future. Respondents expect that beyond the year 2020 the mean annual rate of reduction in mortality for males age 65 and over will average about 0.58% for Canada, 0.76% for Mexico, and 0.67% for the U.S. The results for the female age 65 and over population are 0.64%, 0.83%, and 0.70%, respectively. The age 65 and over population is expected to see larger percentage reductions in mortality than the 0–14 and 15–64 populations. The reductions in male and female mortality will be ultimately the same, and the mortality levels in the three countries will ultimately converge, although differences may persist for decades.     

银行软件项目外包管理分析

一、引言随着国民经济的不断发展,银行业务与外部企业的联系越来越密切。银行正逐步成为现代经济活动的中心,作为数据处理核心的银行业务应用也越来越大型化、越来越复杂化,因此许多银行也把软件项目逐步由原来的自主开发转变为与公司合作的方式,或直接外包开发的方式,银行本身的技术人员也逐步由开发转向项目管理。二、项目外包的分类银行项目的外包有以下几种情况:①部分子系统外包,有时由于银行的软件项目太大,单靠银行自身的开发力量基本无法在预定的时间内完成项目,只好把相对独立的部分外包;②直接购买软件公司的成熟产品,有些金融软…     

银行管理信息平台建设发展的思考

一、目前国内银行IT发展现状及面临的问题 银行数据集中工作的完成,标志着银行的业务由电子化建设阶段转入信息化建设阶段.一方面银行数据的集中提供了丰富全面的基础数据,面对日益庞大的数据源,如何将数字转化为对银行有用的信息,并从中发现知识,为银行的经营决策提供支持,是摆在银行IT人员面前的一个亟待解决的问题.另一方面用户对银行信息的需求日益增长,如果银行没有一套完整、实用的信息管理系统,将对业务发展非常不利.南京爱立信公司倒戈花旗银行事件曾经轰动一时,其中一个重要原因就是中国本地银行不能满足爱立信全球总部对南京爱立信公司的要求:每周财务上报和每天贷款限额管理.这一事件为中国商业银行的未来发展敲响了警钟,如果不加快管理信息系统的开发,迅速提升业务管理水平,类似的事件还会接连不断地发生,并最终导致国内商业银行在同国外商业银行的竞争中全面溃败.     

Separation of Unit of Account from Medium of Exchange

The separation of a unit of account (UoA) from a medium of exchange (MoE) in the commodity–money system is investigated by considering explicitly a seller's choice of UoA in terms of either an MoE or a unit of metal weight. If the likelihood of debasement of an MoE and its rate are high enough, the price is posted in terms of a unit of metal weight rather than an MoE. Interestingly, this MoE–UoA separated equilibrium yields the flexible nominal price, whereas an MoE–UoA integrated equilibrium yields the sticky one. This implies the nominal price rigidity in the fiat‐money system where MoE and UoA are integrated.     

Properties of time-series estimates of degree of leverage measures

Empirical studies suggest that time-series regression estimates of the degrees of operating and financial leverage have a tendency to produce measures less than one. According to ex ante theory, these measures should be greater than one for firms operating above the breakeven point. There have also been suggestions that the biases in these estimates may be attributable to an underlying increase in unit sales. This work presents evidence that these counter-intuitive measures are produced by changes in the firm's operating parameters (unit price, variable cost, fixed cost and interest payments). It further suggests that attempts to control for the underlying change in unit sales substantially increase the volatility of predicted estimates.