Transitions to Sustainable Tourism Mobility: The Social Practices Approach

In this article, we argue that current research on sustainable tourism mobility can be divided roughly into two streams. One covers primarily the organisational and technological side of tourism mobility, while the other concentrates on travellers' attitudes. To date, these streams have been organised as separate bodies of research. There is much to be gained by being able to create linkages between the two. To do this, tourism research will have to develop a less generalised and more context-specific approach to travelling behaviour. In this paper, the Social Practices Approach is suggested as an interesting conceptual tool to interrelate current approaches. By giving greater consideration to the contextual dimension of tourism practices, citizen-consumers might be mobilised more effectively as change agents. To analyse the potential roles of citizen-consumers in transition processes towards sustainable tourism mobility, two citizen-consumer-led change processes are differentiated. The first is directed at tourists in their consumer-role, by providers developing sociotechnical innovations enabling and tempting tourists to behave more sustainably, and by incorporating consumer-logics in supply. Second, tourists can be mobilised in their role as citizen-consumers through processes of sub-politics, social movements and political consumerism.     

Sustainable Tourism Development in Developing Countries: Some Aspects of Energy Use

Tourism has, in recent years, received increasing attention as a low-impact, non-consumptive development option, in particular for developing countries. This positive view contrasts with the fact that major parts of the tourist industry have remained harmful to the environment and that some aspects, like the use of energy and its global consequences have virtually been excluded from the discussion on sustainable tourism development. In this article, the evolution of tourism paradigms is reviewed with a focus on developing countries. It is shown that tourism has become of prime economic importance for many developing countries, in particular small island states. However, as the cash income generated by tourism is mainly derived from visitors coming from industrialised countries, who have to rely on air travel to arrive at their destination, the issue of energy use is analysed from an ecological perspective. It is shown that the tourism-related use of fossil fuels is significant and has detrimental environmental consequences. Afforestation programmes are discussed as a strategy to overcome the negative effects associated with the emission of greenhouse gases. Overall, it is claimed that energy use is an issue that urgently needs to be integrated into the discourse on sustainable tourism development.     

旅游可持续发展的视角:旅游生态效率的一个综述

旅游业对环境的影响使得旅游可持续发展受到全世界的关注,并积累了丰富的研究成果,但从旅游生态效率视角探讨旅游可持续发展的文献还不多见.文章通过梳理生态效率概念的提出及其与可持续发展的关系,认为生态效率是对可持续发展的有效测度.在回顾旅游生态效率研究现状的基础上,发现既有研究成果主要集中在两个方面:第一,旅游生态效率的测度与评价;第二,旅游生态效率在目的地管理当中的应用.基于以上研究现状,文章从旅游生态效率的概念、研究领域、研究方法与研究时间段4个角度对既有成果进行了总结,并认为目前旅游生态效率研究的特征与趋势表现为4个方面:(1)旅游业碳排放估算对旅游生态效率的测度至关重要;(2)旅游生态效率测度方法较为单一;(3)旅游生态效率影响因素是目前研究的空白点;(4)数据包络法、随机前沿法等的应用将使旅游生态效率的研究更为深入.     

基于可持续发展视角的中国旅游业利用外资策略

从分析旅游业可持续发展投资的内涵入手,刻画旅游业外商直接投资与可持续发展的关系,剖析影响中国旅游业吸收可持续发展投资的主要因素,研究提出利用外资的系统策略:制定以可持续发展为目标的投资激励政策;将促进可持续发展纳入投资促进机构的目标体系;提高投资服务水平;塑造地区旅游形象;建立多种形式的可持续发展投资合作伙伴关系;建立具体指标体系和报告制度,对旅游业可持续发展投资进行评估和监督。     

Sustainable Tourism Management: Lessons from The Edge of Australia

Strategies of sustainable tourism are not easily implemented and there is a need to examine case studies of 'best practice' to offer ideas, solutions and models of organisation, funding and conflict resolution to guide others who seek to introduce similar approaches. This paper discusses the management of the Cape Byron Headland Reserve in New South Wales, Australia, which has faced problems of maintaining the integrity of the site from inappropriate uses and commercial exploitation. A review is made of the achievements of the Cape Byron Headland Trust as a model of sustainable tourism management, which has involved permanent, on-site management of the area, its own fund-raising activities and local community participation in its management.     

Implementing Flexible Learning Practices in Tourism Courses

ABSTRACT

The design and delivery of quality tourist experiences will be the key focus for tourism and hospitality professionals throughout the 21st Century. This outcome will be promoted through educational design and delivery that meet the needs of a diverse range of tourism students. Aspiring towards this aim, a process for introducing flexible learning practices in the development of tourism courses is outlined. This process is then applied to the redevelopment of a tourism project course. To conclude, the utility of flexible learning practices and information and communication technology for delivering quality learning outcomes to students separated by geographic distances is critically appraised with reference to tourism course development.     

Interpretation and Sustainable Tourism: The Potential and the Pitfalls

From the outset, proponents of sustainable tourism have, consciously or not, set great store by interpretation, and gradually the linkages between sustainable tourism and interpretation have begun to be developed. This discussion examines the potential benefits of linking interpretation and sustainable tourism and assesses a number of the pitfalls or difficulties which are involved. The potential benefits include improved visitor management, local economic and environmental gains and fuller community involvement. Among the several pitfalls of linking interpretation and sustainable tourism which are considered are the dangers of over-interpretation, intrusion, creating ‘quaint’ tourist landscapes, and those of elitism.     

A Framework of Approaches to Sustainable Tourism

Based on an extensive literature review, this paper proposes a framework of approaches to sustainable tourism. The framework is composed of four positions, chronologically sequenced according to the dominant understanding of sustainable tourism as a possession or goal. The positions are those of polar opposites, continuum, movement and convergence. The framework offers insights into the development of the sustainable tourism concept and enables identification of an author's approach to the concept.     

Encouraging Sustainable Business Practices in a Non-regulatory Environment: A Case Study of Small Tourism Firms in a UK National Park

This paper presents an empirically based, qualitative insight into the attitudes and response of a sample of small tourism firms in a UK national park to the challenges of sustainable tourism. The findings offer some explanation for the limited action taken by firms of this kind to improve their environmental performance and suggest that firms can be categorised according to their attitudes to sustainability. A conceptual model is developed to encapsulate the complex range of factors that underpin the different behaviour of individual firms. Implications for policy makers committed to a policy of encouraging voluntary action on sustainability are offered.     

Terrorism Effects on Travel Arrangements and Tourism Practices

Abstract

In light of the unprecedented terrorist assaults on September 11, 2001, this research attempts to assess their underlying impacts on travel arrangements and business practices. A questionnaire reflecting the objectives of the study is developed accordingly. To gather the empirical data, this research draws samples from an academic community consisting of faculty, staff, and students. This study first reveals that the level of perceived risk differs among the respondents; students tend to be risk-takers while faculty and staff could be considered as risk-averters. In large, respondents agree that the recovery of airline business will take at least a year. As for travel arrangements, participating in leisure activities around government buildings notably decreases. Regarding tourism practices, it indicates that both governments and businesses have taken rightful measurements against future terrorist movements. Critical marketing implications along with suggestions for future research are discussed in the conclusion section.     

Implementing STD on a Small Island: Development and Use of Sustainable Tourism Development Indicators in Samoa

Small island states present a significant challenge in terms of sustainable tourism development. On a small island there are limited resources, economic and social activities tend to be concentrated on the coastal zone, and the interconnectivity between economic, environmental, social, cultural and political spheres is strong and pervasive. Consequently the sustainable development of tourism is more a practical necessity than an optional extra. This paper investigates the question of how to monitor sustainable tourism development (STD) in Samoa, an independent small island state in the South Pacific. It describes some of the methodological considerations and processes involved in the development of STD indicators and particularly highlights the importance of formulating clear objectives before trying to identify indicators, the value of establishing a multi-disciplinary advisory panel, and the necessity of designing an effective and flexible implementation framework for converting indicator results into management action.     

人类学与民族旅游:中国的实践

人类学因其理论与方法的独特性,逐渐被民族旅游研究所借鉴和吸纳,但在中国民族旅游的开发实践中却往往处于"非主流"的境地。人类学要想在中国民族旅游实践中享有更多的话语权,首要的任务就是用本学科的视角透视民族旅游,反思其进行中国实践时所面临的一些特定的问题,并积极推动和参与民族旅游开发的社会评估工作。其关键点在于:一是与政府建立良好的合作关系和协调机制;二是客观审视民族旅游对族群文化和族群关系的影响;三是科学考量旅游开发与当地社会环境的相互适应关系。     

The Triple Bottom Line: A Framework for Sustainable Tourism Development

This conceptual article proposes that tourism development organizations adopt a triple bottom line (TBL) framework to enhance their sustainability. The TBL is a philosophical orientation whereby organizations develop and implement not just a traditional economically sustainable strategy, but also explicitly include environmental and social sustainability strategies. The history of TBL and its application to sustainable tourism development are offered and the development of a much-needed measurement instrument is described and the instrument is presented for discussion. The article concludes by presenting the benefits that can accrue to a sustainable tourism development organization through the adoption of a TBL philosophy and the use of a reliable instrument to measure TBL performance.     

喀纳斯旅游资源可持续发展问题与对策

喀纳斯是新疆著名的旅游景区,旅游资源价值巨大.在对喀纳斯旅游资源开发管理中存在的诸如:旅游资源的保护意识不强,旅游资源开发缺乏科学规划,资源环境遭到破坏等问题进行分析的基础上,提出增强对资源的保护意识,科学规划、适度开发,实行旅游资源资产化管理,合理定位、提高经营企业进入门槛等建议,以期在保护的基础上合理开发喀纳斯旅游资源,更好地实现旅游资源的价值,实现资源利用的可持续发展.     

Alternative Tourism and Sustainable Development in Kenya

This article examines alternative tourism and especially the form dubbed ecotourism and assesses its prospects for sustainable development in Kenya. It also considers community participation in ecotourism, the Kenya government policy on ecotourism, and the initiatives to yield sustainable development in the country. The findings show that biodiversity conservation encourages and supports tourism which, in turn, provides money for conservation efforts and local development programmes. However, ecotourism has not necessarily led to small scale, locally owned tourism enterprises expected in the ecotourism model. The analysis shows nevertheless that alternative tourism development has drawn attention to the role of local people in biodiversity conservation, the basis of ecotourism. Hopefully, this will lead to greater local participation in the ownership, management and control of ecotourism enterprises.