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This paper discusses U.S. and Canadian farm programs for grains and oilseeds. In spite of the passage of the U.S. FAIR Act in 1996, where subsidies were to be greatly reduced, subsidies reached an all-time high of over $20 billion in 2000. In Canada, just the opposite occurred, as support for the grains and oilseeds sector has dropped sharply since the mid-1990s. In addition to differences in support levels, the farm prog rams are very different. NISA and AIDA are prominent in the landscape in Canada, while under FAIR, loan deficiency payments are a key ingredient. We provide some explanations for the divergence in farm programs between the two countries, including a discussion of rent seeking and public choice. 相似文献
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Giridhar Myneni Jeffrey H. Dorfman Glenn C. W. Ames 《Revue canadienne d'agroeconomie》1994,42(3):261-271
The welfare impacts of the 1987–91 Canadian "voluntary" 15% lumber export tax and the current 6.51 % U. S. import duty are analyzed using a simultaneous equations model of the softwood lumber market. The results show that U.S. consumers suffer losses 35% to 45% of those endured by Canadian producers. Canadian national welfare was much higher under the voluntary export tax, indicating the Canadian government erred in unilaterally terminating the agreement. In both instances, the U.S. government pursued policies that benefited domestic producers at the expense of U.S. lumber consumers, with no attempt or discussion of compensation. Thus, this appears to be a case of "beggar thy consumer" trade policy. 相似文献
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In the past five years, Canada has negotiated and ratified three trade agreements: the Canada-United States Free Trade Agreement (FTA), the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and the multilateral free trade agreement now administered by the World Trade Organization (WTO). This paper focuses on the implications for agri-food trade of the NAFTA and its interface with the other two agreements. The provisions of the NAFTA are described and evaluated as they relate to market access, domestic support, export assistance, technical regulations and dispute settlement. Observations are presented on the NAFTA's potential effects on trade in red meats, grains and oilseeds, supply-managed commodities and horticulture. In addition, some of the shortcomings of the NAFTA are highlighted. 相似文献
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Canada and the European Union (EU) recently completed the Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA) to liberalize bilateral trade. Processed food trade between Canada and the EU is one of the fastest growing markets, in spite of large trade restrictions due to high tariffs and egregious nontariff barriers (NTB). The processed food sector is characterized by firms which differ in size, productivity, produce differentiated products, and engage in monopolistic competition. We implement a four‐region (Canada, the EU, the United States, and the Rest of the World) model of the processed food industry, incorporating these firm characteristics to study the effects of CETA. The results show Canadian and EU bilateral trade flows expand, the number of exporting firms rises, and net welfare in both these countries increases. Though CETA does not liberalize NTBs, we examine the impacts of a 40% cut in NTBs to highlight the benefits that would have accrued had CETA also covered NTBs. Under this scenario, the trade flows would have expanded significantly, and, more importantly, Canadian and EU welfare would have risen by 11.8‐ and 39.4‐fold, respectively. Since CETA excludes the United States, the U.S. processed food industry loses due to greater competition in Canadian and the EU markets, and the net U.S. welfare declines. 相似文献
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David Abler John C. Beghin David Blandford Amani Elobeid 《Review of Agricultural Economics》2008,30(1):82-102
We analyze the impact of continuing the existing U.S. sugar program, replacing it with a standard program, and implementing the standard program with multilateral trade liberalization. Under the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), duty-free sugar imports from Mexico could undermine the program's ability to operate on a "no-cost" basis to taxpayers as large public stocks of sugar could accumulate. The replacement of the current sugar program by one similar to other major U.S. crop programs would solve the problem of potential stock accumulation, accommodate further trade liberalization under a new WTO and future bilateral trade agreements, but would induce significant fiscal outlays through direct payments. 相似文献
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The U.S. NAFTA partners are important markets for U.S. meat exports. A source-differentiated almost ideal demand system is used in this study to estimate meat demand in Canada and Mexico. Empirical results suggest that while a U.S. price increase in the Canadian market is expected to increase U.S. sales revenues; it would decrease sales revenues in the Mexican market. Furthermore, an increase in meat expenditures in Canada and Mexico is expected to increase the demand for U.S. meats, while the bovine spongiform encephalopathy outbreaks have had a negative effect on U.S. and Canadian beef market shares. Finally, a decomposition of the causes of changes in demand for U.S. meats over time is performed. 相似文献
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The effect of exchange rates on the trade of red meat between Canada and the United States is an important policy issue. While Canadian producers benefit from higher livestock prices as the Canadian dollar declines in value, higher costs of feed grains and protein as well as macroeconomic effects offset much of the perceived gain. In this paper, these effects are quantified using a quarterly econometric model of the North American livestock sector in which both livestock and feed prices in Canada are linked, through exchange rates, to their counterparts in the United States market. The results suggest that devaluation leads to significant increases in Canadian net exports of beef and to small increases in net exports of pork. Both effects are small when compared with total North American trade and production. ?effet du taux ?échange sur le commerce de viande rouge entre le Canada et les Etats-Unis a de considérables implications sur les politiques agricoles. Bien que les producteurs Canadiens bénéficient lorsque les prix de la viande sont haussés par une dévaluation du dollar Canadien, ces gains sont réduits par des prix plus élevés pour les grains et les protéines de même que par des répercussions macroéonomiques. Dans cet article, les effets de changements dans le taux ?échange sont quantifiés par ?entremise ?un modèle économétrique trimestriel des secteurs bovins et porcins en Amérique du Nord. Les prix des animaux et des grains au Canada sont reliés à leurs vis-à-vis américains par le taux ?échange. Les résultats suggèrent qu' une dévaluation entraîne une hausse significative de ?exportation nette de boeuf et une faible augmentation de ?exportation nette de pore. Toutefois, les effets sont modestes lorsque comparés aux volumes de production et de ventes pour le marché Nord Américain. 相似文献
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Won W. Koo 《Review of Agricultural Economics》2002,24(2):336-352
This study analyzes the impacts of alternative trade liberalization policies in the United States and the European Union (EU) on the U.S. sugar industry. A global sugar policy simulation model was used for this analysis. The study results indicate that the U.S. sugar industry may be able to survive if both the United States and the EU liberalize their sugar trade. However, if only the United States eliminates its sugar programs, all U.S. sugar-producing regions would be threatened. 相似文献
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