Efficient land use in an equilibrium residential annulus

An efficient land use is one in which land is divided between residential activity and roads so as to minimize aggregate transportation costs. We analyze such an allocation for the case in which each consumer is in equilibrium. The problem synthesizes the approaches in the Mills-de Ferranti analysis and the Solow analysis. In Solow's analysis consumers were in equilibrium but land was allocated by rule of thumb; in that of Mills and de Ferranti land was efficiently allocated in aggregate but each consumer was allocated a fixed area for his residence. Our efficient allocation has a Nash equilibirum characterization. The efficient land allocation is characterized by declining convex functions of distance from the CBD for density on roads and for land rents. The nature of the pattern of land in road use is investigated.     

The diamond city: The case for rectangular grid models

This paper makes the case for a diamond-shaped city with a rectangular grid street network as an alternative to the circular city with radial roads. It considers the allocation of land to transportation, the expansion of the road network via the development of expressways, the assignment of commuter traffic given alternative configurations, the corresponding rent and density surfaces, and the implications of these road networks for subcentering.     

A note on land use in a square city

This paper considers a two-dimensional rectangular city with a grid road system, including a square city as a special case, and then derives a simple equilibrium traffic pattern in the case of constant road width. We maintain that while land-use decisions using market rents would lead to overallocation of land to transportation in our square city as in the Solow Vickrey long narrow city, the tendency towards excessive road-building is stronger near the city boundaries than at the city center in our two-dimensional case, contrary to the conclusion drawn from the Solow Vickrey model.     

The effect of government highway spending on road users' congestion costs

Policymakers attempt to reduce the growth of congestion by spending billions of dollars annually on our road system. We evaluate this policy by estimating the determinants of congestion costs for motorists, trucking operations, and shipping firms. We find that, on average, one dollar of highway spending in a given year reduces the congestion costs to road users only eleven cents in that year. We also find that even if the allocation of spending were optimized to minimize congestion costs that it still is not a cost-effective way to reduce congestion. We conclude the evidence strengthens the case for road pricing.     

土地资源配置的空间尺度差异分析

由于我国正处于区域经济一体化和城乡统筹的大背景下,土地利用规划呈现出与建设用地的快速扩展无法适应的态势。为了使土地高效、节约利用关键是协调区域经济发展与土地资源配置之间的关系,而依据现行的行政区划划分建立的土地资源配置体系存在很多弊端。因此,有必要对不同空间尺度下的土地资源配置的差异性进行分析,才能建立一个从宏观到微观的优化配置体系,实现土地可持续利用的目标。     

Dynamics of the urban zoning structure: An empirical investigation of zoning change

This study empirically examines the role of land prices in the decision to rezone vacant land from one land use to another. Although the study of zoning and related issues is well documented, this is one of only a handful of studies that directly examines zoning changes. Unlike previous studies that treat zoning as static, acknowledging only that the current allocation of land differs from the market allocation, this study examines if the allocation of land will be reallocated (rezoned) toward a market allocation. The study is unique in that it analyzes zoning changes on an individual property basis and is based on transactions of vacant parcels. The data are drawn from a single municipality, Chicago—Illinois, allowing a uniform definition of zoning classification rather than trying to combine data under multiple zoning authorities.     

Dynamics of the urban zoning structure: An empirical investigation of zoning change

This study empirically examines the role of land prices in the decision to rezone vacant land from one land use to another. Although the study of zoning and related issues is well documented, this is one of only a handful of studies that directly examines zoning changes. Unlike previous studies that treat zoning as static, acknowledging only that the current allocation of land differs from the market allocation, this study examines if the allocation of land will be reallocated (rezoned) toward a market allocation. The study is unique in that it analyzes zoning changes on an individual property basis and is based on transactions of vacant parcels. The data are drawn from a single municipality, Chicago—Illinois, allowing a uniform definition of zoning classification rather than trying to combine data under multiple zoning authorities.     

佛山市南海区兴业路C段道路工程修改设计

兴业路位于南海科技工业园区,是工业园路网规划中的一条城市主干道,道路已经进入实施阶段。但是兴业路的道路线位与正在实施的贵广铁路线位出现冲突,故须避让贵广铁路,调整原有的道路线位,由于前期道路征地已经完成,为避免过多的新增征地引起土地矛盾,还需调整道路断面。     

土地一级开发中储备土地出让价格影响研究——以武汉市后湖地区为例

研究目的为了解武汉市后湖地区土地一级开发中基础设施投入对土地产出效益的影响,为政府的投资决策提供参考。研究方法为层次分析法和经济学研究方法。研究结果为（1）土地储备中道路设施投入对土地价格的影响最显著,权重系数为0．211;（2）随着道路设施投入的增加,土地产出效益呈先递增后递减的趋势,其影响路径符合边际报酬递减规律。研究结论为在土地一级开发中应注重道路等基础设施的投入,同时要遵循边际报酬递减规律,减少投入的盲目性,避免粗放的经营发展方式,进而控制土地储备成本,提高土地的投入产出效率。     

Optimal allocation of land to transportation in a non-optimal urban structure

This paper deals with the optimal allocation of land to competing uses, residential and transportation, in a built-up urban structure. The land to be allocated is being produced by an optimal demolition activity of the standing housing stock. The population removed has to be housed on the allocated residential land. Hoyt's sector theory is supported.     

建设用地区域配置效率评价研究

本文基于经济学上的择优分配原理,结合建设用地开发利用的特点,提出了建设用地区域配置效率的内涵及其计量评价模型,并对中国大陆近十年的建设用地区域配置效率进行了实证评价。结果表明,建设用地的区域配置效率可以界定为建设用地用于不同地区开发建设时所获得的整体利用效率,其高低可以以不同地区建设用地边际产出差异之大小来衡量。实证评价的结果也显示,近十年来中国大陆的建设用地区域配置效率经历了一个波动变化阶段。为优化配置效率,今后应提升低效用地区域的土地边际产出,并考虑将更多的新增建设用地配置于边际产出效率较高的地区。     

开展城市建设用地集约利用规划探析

为保障城市的健康持续发展,缓解城市建设用地需求与土地有限供给矛盾,城市建设用地必须走节约集约之路。采用归纳分析、对比分析论证当前开展城市建设用地集约利用规划的必要性,指出开展城市建设用地集约利用规划是建设资源节约型社会、完善城市建设用地管理和提升城市建设用地总体价值的需要,并找出现行城市建设用地集约利用中主要存在管理未实际履行、规划体系缺失、缺乏系统性等问题,最后提出要从明确目标定位、开展编制工作、完善组织管理、加强专题研究、健全监管机制、建立考核体系等方面来开展城市建设用地集约规划。     

地方政府土地出让目标取向研究

目前我国地方政府在土地出让中,以土地收益极大化和招商引资作为双元目标取向,对地方财政、土地资源配置和社会稳定等造成不利影响.借鉴国际经验以及按照政府的双重身份和科学发展观的要求,地方政府土地出让的目标应为促进城市土地合理利用和适度土地收益,应采取相应政策措施消除地方政府土地出让目标扭曲的客观基础,促进土地出让目标和行为的合理化.     

加筋土挡墙设计与施工技术要点

内蒙古自治区呼伦贝尔市缓满国道主干线牙克石至海拉尔一级公路经过鄂温克旗大雁街区,设置互通立交,引道路基两侧单位较多,为减少征地拆迁,采用了加筋土挡墙工程技术。文章介绍了工程设计、结构计算方法及施工技术要点。     

Property appraisal in high-rises: A cooperative game theory approach

The construction of the higher stories in a building is utterly contingent upon the construction of the lower ones, while the construction of lower stories does not require the construction of the higher ones. This rationale underlies our adoption of a cooperative game theory methodology for examining the value of units based on the cost approach of land appraisal. Particularly, we propose the Shapley value solution to examine the allocation of the land and construction cost among the stories of the building. We explore the allocation mechanism and derive several closed-form properties by which the value pattern of stories in a building is rationalized. The proposed cost allocation may, among other things, generate values when comparable market prices are unobservable (consistent with the cost approach); may be used by courts in order to compute compensations in cases of disputes regarding expansions and redevelopments of existing structures among co-owners; and may determine the rent cost allocation in an organization with several profit centers located on different floors of a building.     

中国工业化、城镇化进程中的土地配置特征

基于已有的研究成果,通过系统的理论归纳与统计分析,提出了当前中国工业化、城镇化进程中土地资源配置的主要特征:第一,从部门配置角度看,表现为农业用地大规模非农化;第二,从产业配置的角度看,城乡用地结构快速转变;第三,从空间配置的角度看,土地利用的区域不均衡;第四,从功能配置的角度看,重经济效益轻生态效益。     

An Empirical Analysis of Determinants of Land Values in the Adirondack Park

A bstract . This study contributes to our knowledge about the determinants of land values in the Adirondack Park in New York State. Sales data for 1971-1973 are used in the multiple regression analysis. The key variables influencing the price per acre for vacant forest land parcels are accessibility by road, location, adjacency to state land, date of sale, land use classification, size of parcel, site type, topography, and nonlocal buyers.     

浅析农村公路养护机械的现状及对策合理配置

通过对农村公路养护机械的现状分析,阐述了在农村公路养护机械管理中存在的几个问题,针对存在问题,提出了解决农村公路养护机械管理中的对策及合理配置。     

开征个人住房房地产税的政策效应分析——从土地节约集约使用的角度

近年来,我国房地产业飞速发展,但是房地产税收制度相对于市场变化,明显存在政策制定上的滞后性,无法有效地对该产业的资源优化配置作出良性引导。通过界定土地节约集约使用的衡量标准,简述我国房地产业土地开发利用现状;进而从促进土地节约集约的角度,对个人住房征收房地产税的政策效应作出分析,得出相应的结论。     

Suburban Encroachment on the Old North 40: The Search for Effective Measures to Preserve Agricultural Land

A bstract . Since 1956, more than 40 states have passed some form of legislation to preserve agricultural land. These statutes or constitutional amendments invoke a variety of economic and/or legal strategies to obtain their objectives, but the most common strategy is that of the differential tax. None of the various strategies is entirely effective, however, although land resource allocation problems have prompted some economists to reexamine the merits of land value taxation. A survey of pertinent literature on land value taxation is examined in an effort to determine whether a system based on single tax principles might offer a simpler, more equitable, and therefore preferable solution to the problem of land resource allocation according to criteria believed to foster environmental conservation or social goals.