论农村妇女土地权益的保护

随着城乡格局的不断变化,人口的大量流动,各种制度不断改革,农村妇女土地权益流失的问题日渐凸显。中国农村妇女土地权益受到侵害的现象十分严重,这一现象阻碍了农村妇女的生存和发展,也导致了部分弱势群体陷入贫困,影响了中国社会的稳定和和谐发展。因此,本文结合农村的具体情况,从农村妇女土地权益受侵害的现状出发,分析了造成这种情况的原因和产生的危害后果,并提出了建议。     

The Cry for Land: Agrarian Reform, Gender and Land Rights in Uzbekistan

Agrarian reform in Uzbekistan has been informed by contradictory objectives and priorities. Legislation has oscillated between measures to increase private access to land, in line with populist pressures and the structural reform agenda of international agencies, and counter–measures to tighten and restrict such access in response to the Government imperative of retaining control over the production and export earnings of cotton. Drawing on fieldwork carried out in the provinces of Andijan and Khorezm in 2000–1, this article analyses the role of gendered divisions of labour in the maintenance of a commercial cotton sector alongside a smallholder economy that has become the mainstay of rural livelihoods since the post–Soviet collapse of public sector employment and wages. It also discusses the outcomes of different types of farm restructuring and highlights the gender differentiated outcomes of a reform process that forces a growing number of women out of the recorded labour force into casual, unremunerated and informal work.     

Claiming the Grounds for Reform: Agrarian and Environmental Movements in Indonesia

This essay examines the convergences, tensions and mutual influences of agrarian and environmental movements in Indonesia and their connections to transnational movements under state-led development and neoliberal governance regimes. The authors argue that environmental movements of the last quarter of the twentieth century affected the strategies, struggles, mutual relations with, and public discourses of resurgent agrarian movements in diverse ways. Environmental movements had significant influences on national policy, law and practice within a decade of their emergence under the state-led development regime of President Suharto. Environmental activists used the appearance of technical 'apolitical' concerns to their advantage. They mobilized at multiple scales, targeting laws and other institutions of state power at the same time as organizing the grassroots. The repression of the Suharto regime forced agrarian reform activists underground, while environmental issues were mainstreamed. Agrarian movements in Indonesia today, under a decentralized regime dominated by neoliberal policies, have faced new opportunities and constraints due to national and transnational influences of environmental and agrarian reform discourses and networks. We show how these influences have changed the political fields within which Indonesian agrarian movement groups operate: forming, shifting and struggling over critical alliances.     

Land Reform, Rural Social Relations and the Peasantry

A new book, Promised Land: Competing Visions of Agrarian Reform , edited by Peter Rosset, Raj Patel and Michael Courville is considered. This book, via both general analytical treatment and a series of case studies set in Latin America, Asia and Africa, offers a powerful critique of the World Bank's market-led agrarian reform (MLAR) and provides an alternative model of agrarian reform, the 'food sovereignty movement', that has been articulated by La Via Campesina. Food sovereignty requires that priority be allocated to the domestic production of food and that a right to land be given to small farmers and their families. It is a vision of agrarian reform, with an emphasis on smallholder farming and the transformative power of rural social movements, that has truly emerged 'from below'. The critique of MLAR is compelling. It is argued in this essay, however, that two crucial questions are abstracted from. The first is that of the vastly differing sets of social relations that exist (compare, say, socialist Cuba and capitalist Brazil) and their implications. It is not clear that food sovereignty can, in effect, offer a coherent political economy of an alternative global agrarianism. The second relates to the implicit assumption, found throughout the book, that the peasantry is a homogeneous, undifferentiated social group. This is manifestly not so, and what the existence of socially differentiated peasantries implies requires careful examination.     

城乡统筹发展与农村集体土地产权制度改革的思考

城乡统筹发展是国家农村改革的基本目标,但现行的农村土地制度限制了城市与农村的协调发展.深入分析发现,现行的农村集体土地产权制度缺陷是阻碍城乡统筹发展的主要原因,表现在它束缚了农村集体土地的经济功能和社会保障功能的优化.因此,应该从农村集体土地产权权能界定、农村集体土地产权流转及相关配套措施3个方面来完善现行的农村集体土地产权制度,促进城乡统筹发展.     

构建和谐社会下的农村土地产权制度

对于农村土地制度的改革社会各界早有争论,本文分析比较了各种改革构想,提出应通过产权结构的创新而不是所有制的根本改变来寻求制度改革的突破口。     

女性土地权益保障的私法命题

研究目的:真正地实现女性土地权益保障的法治命题。研究方法:用法律社会学的研究方法对女性土地权益易流失进行分析。研究结果:中国集体土地资源的身份化配置、家庭财产的性别化配置和农地流转的再分配配置必然造成女性的土地权益极易被剥夺。研究结论:中国现行的土地立法重行政管理而欠缺民法赋权色彩,为集体和家庭剥夺女性土地权益提供了制度保障,因而需要对其进行私法化改造。     

土地直接产权与间接产权:一种新农村土地产权关系

研究目的:跳出所有权与使用权分离的产权逻辑,创建直接产权与间接产权分离的基本框架,重新诠释国家(政府)、农村集体组织和农户之间的土地产权关系。研究方法:理论实证分析。研究结果:(1)假定土地是一种劳动产品,凝聚着社会劳动和个人劳动以及物化劳动和活劳动,可将土地产权划分为直接产权与间接产权,构成一种新的双层土地产权关系。(2)国家(政府)和农户(农民)依据其投入的相对优势要素:公共环境(社会劳动)和农业经营管理才能(个体劳动),分别占有土地的间接产权和直接产权。研究结论:农村土地产权制度创新的基础是明确国家(政府)与农户(农民)对土地的共有关系,界定土地直接产权与间接产权的内容及其行使方式。     

论城市土地产权制度的变革与创新

研究目的:回顾中国城市土地产权制度形成与变革历史,分析中国城市土地管理中存在的体制性漏洞和缺陷,提出城市土地产权制度"三权分离"的基本设想.研究方法:历史研究和规范分析.研究结论:建立具有中国特色的城市土地"三权分离"的产权制模式,即将土地的所有权、使用权和管理权相分离.中央人民政府代表国家对土地行使终极所有权.企事业单位经国家批准可以有偿拥有城市土地的使用权.地方人民政府(城市人民政府)依法代表国家行使土地经营管理权.绝对地租归中央财政,级差地租归地方财政.     

论农村集体土地发展仅的归属

土地发展权是对土地在利用上进行再发展的权利.农村土地发展权是特指农用地转为建设用地和农村存量建设用地直接进入土地一级市场而获取收益的权利.现行法律法规没有规定土地发展权,但国家实际行使土地发展权.这不利于农村未来的发展,更不利于国家的长远发展.农村土地发展权应归属农民和农村集体.     

农村土地制度改革与农村经济发展

“农业、农村、农民”问题始终是困扰我国城乡统筹发展、全面建设小康社会、实现现代化的一个重大问题,其核心问题就是土地问题。土地家庭承包责任制的实施虽然促进了农村经济的繁荣和农村社会的稳定,然而,农村土地制度在经济社会发展中却出现了一定程度的不相适应,已凸现了制约农村经济发展的趋势。因此,进一步完善农村土地制度,推进城乡经济社会的协调发展,无疑是有益于农村经济发展的一项重要措施。     

改革开放后我国农地制度改革与创新

改革开放以来,我国农地制度出现多次变迁,对社会经济产生了深刻影响。以改革开放后通过制度变迁而形成的家庭联产承包责任制、两田制、规模经营制、四荒地拍卖制、股份合作制等5种农地制度为研究对象,利用制度经济学、政治经济学、产权经济学的方法和理论,分析和探讨这5种农地制度变迁的方式、背景、条件,总结和梳理农地制度变迁所产生的绩效及启示,并针对中国现行农地制度存在的诸多缺陷,提出进一步改革及创新的方向和建议。     

再论农村集体土地产权主体

集体土地产权主体及其代表的确定在理论界是一个争论已久的问题，为了能加快农村经济的发展，促进集体产权的合理流转，规范土地流转收益分配，本文针对长期存在的集体土地产权主体的模糊、虚置与错位等问题，着重分析了其产生和形成的原因。由此在尊重历史和合乎法理的前提下，将集体土地所有权主体界定为村民小组范围内的全体农民，并提出了使集体土地所有杈主体人格化的政策性建议。     

城市化进程中土地征用改革与集体土地产权制度变迁

随着我国经济的高速发展和城市化进程的加快，农地非农化已是一个不可扭转的趋势，尤其是在城乡结合部。在农用地转征用过程中，如何保护农民的利益不受侵犯也成为了当今学术界的一个热门话题。本文从土地征用制度的改革方向以及集体土地产权制度变迁的趋势来讨论如何进一步保护和完善失地农民原有土地承包权的问题。试图通过对土地征用制度改革的反映而进一步完善集体土地产权制度提出一些政策建议。     

Transnational Agrarian Movements: Origins and Politics, Campaigns and Impact

This essay introduces a special issue of the Journal of Agrarian Change on transnational agrarian movements (TAMs). The contributors' methods and subjects vary widely in geographical, temporal and political scope. The contributors to this collection share an understanding of TAMs' complexity that grows out of an appreciation of the complicated historical origins and the delicate political balancing acts that necessarily characterize any effort to construct cross-border alliances linking highly heterogeneous organizations, social classes, ethnicities, political viewpoints and regions. This introductory essay outlines the TAMs' deep historical roots and also explains why and how the authors in this collection see this complexity as an essential element in understanding TAMs. This complexity can be understood by looking at seven common themes: (i) representation and agendas, (ii) political strategies and forms of actions, (iii) impact, (iv) TAMs as arenas of action between different (sub)national movements, (v) class origins, (vi) ideological and political differences and (vii) the dynamics of alliance-building. By acknowledging TAMs' contradictions, ambiguities and internal tensions, the authors also seek, from the standpoint of engaged intellectuals, to advance a transformative political project by better comprehending its origins, past successes and failures, and current and future challenges.     

泉州市农村土地承包经营权流转研究

近年来,农村土地承包经营权流转在各地快速发展。泉州在推进农村土地承包经营权流转在过程中,在流转期限和流转用途等方面具有不同特点,通过充分利用政策促动,项目拉动,以点带动等措施推动土地流转发展,泉州实现了经济、社会、产业等效益上的进步。但发展过程中仍存在着的土地流转思想顾虑、收益无浮动,渠道无畅通,行为不规范和种植“非粮化”等问题,应通过确保农民在土地流转中的主体地位,健全土地流转市场的中介服务体系,强化土地流转的农村社会保障机制,完善土地流转的政府支持配套政策,以推动泉州农村经济社会又好又快发展。     

我国农村土地制度改革的再思考

我国现行的农村土地制度,即以家庭联产承包责任制为主要形式的生产责任制,自其实行和推广之初就显示了强大生命力,在促进农业和农村经济的发展、农民生活水平的不断改善、城市化进程的逐步加快和农村剩余劳动力的逐步转移等方面发挥了重要的作用。但随着经济的进一步发展和经济、政治体制改革的不断深入,家庭承包责任制自身的缺陷和弊端渐渐明朗化,同时,在一定程度上阻碍了经济的持续快速发展。所以,必须在坚持土地集体所有的基础之上,进行农村土地制度改革。改革的目的是有利于农村经济的发展、农业的现代化和农民收入水平的提高,同时,要配合国家“全面实现小康”的近期目标及相关发展战略;改革涉及的内容有:土地的产权制度、经济制度和流转制度,其中后两者是重点;改革的方向和具体措施是在坚持土地的集体所有即家庭联产承包的前提下,走小农集约经营的道路。     

二元模糊农地产权是农民失地的根源

我国农地产权主体模糊,权能不清的二元模糊属性为地方政府越权征地、过分掠夺提供了制度激励。而要解决农民失地问题,不仅涉及到农地产权自身的改革,更重要的是市场化改革的深入。