从经济学角度分析公允价值与市场价值

公允价值是国际会计界公认的价值概念,在会计学理论与实践中已得到广泛运用,它与资产评估中的市场价值概念有共同之处,也有区别,但在实践中常常被混淆.本文试图从经济学角度出发,对这两个概念加以分析.     

公允价值会计与市场波动

2008年金融危机的爆发,使得公允价值会计倍受关注。一个焦点问题是:公允价值会计是否会加剧市场波动。我们针对2007—2011年中国A股市场的情况对这一问题进行了实证研究,主要结论如下:1)股价能够反应公允价值会计信息,且在市场波动期比平稳期反应更显著;2)公允价值会计信息与波动率之间的正相关关系在市场波动期比在平稳期更加显著;3)波动率与公允价值会计信息的正相关性主要出现在长周期上。     

The Relationship between Fair Value,Market Value,and Efficient Markets*

This paper proposes that an assumption of reasonable market efficiency is at the essence of the relevance of fair value for financial reporting purposes. The paper's examination of this proposal begins with a review of recent academic literature on market efficiency, and on evidence of inefficiencies and their implications for the ability of the efficient market hypothesis to explain what market prices represent. It concludes that there is wide acceptance in this literature that a reasonable level of efficiency can generally be presumed to exist in active, well‐regulated capital markets. The paper examines the essential attributes of a reasonably efficient market for fair value measurement purposes, and some basic implications for its reliable estimation. This is done in comparison with the provisions of the fair value measurement standard of the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) (Statement of Financial Accounting Standards [SFAS] No. 157). It is concluded that the concept of reasonable market efficiency could provide a sound conceptual framework for defining fair value that is founded in real, observable market prices. It is demonstrated that, in contrast, SFAS No. 157 does not provide a clear, unequivocal concept of fair value, and that it permits estimates of fair value that have no demonstrable basis in real, observable market prices. Nevertheless, it appears that arguments typically put forward by the International Accounting Standards Board and the FASB for the relevance of fair value for financial reporting purposes do imply a presumption of reasonably efficient markets.     

Market Institutions,Fair Value,and Financial Analyst Forecast Accuracy

This study investigates the valuation usefulness of fair values and related information disclosure in China and examines how regional-level market institutions influence the valuation usefulness of fair value information. Based on a sample of Chinese listed companies during 2007 to 2016, the empirical results show a negative association between overall fair values and analyst forecast accuracy. Further analyses suggest that the negative association is likely driven by biases and/or errors in fair value estimates. Using a difference-in-difference research design, the study also documents that the implementation of ASBE 39 in 2014 has improved the valuation usefulness of fair values. There is evidence that different aspects of market institutions—including the extent of government intervention in the market and the legal environment—influence analysts’ use of fair value information. This study contributes to the literature by providing new and different evidence on the usefulness of fair values to financial analysts outside developed countries. Moreover, by taking advantage of the uneven institutional development across China, the study shows that different aspects of market institutions influence the valuation usefulness of fair value information.     

Accounting Discretion in Fair Value Estimates: An Examination of SFAS 142 Goodwill Impairments

This study examines Statement of Financial Accounting Standards 142 adoption decisions, focusing on the trade‐off between recording certain current goodwill impairment charges below the line and uncertain future impairment charges included in income from continuing operations. We examine several potentially important economic incentives that firms face when making this accounting choice. We find evidence suggesting that firms' equity market concerns affect their preference for above‐the‐line vs. below‐the‐line accounting treatment, and firms' debt contracting, bonus, turnover, and exchange delisting incentives affect their decisions to accelerate or delay expense recognition. Our study contributes to the accounting choice literature by examining managers' use of discretion when adopting a mandatory accounting change and by developing and testing explicit cross‐sectional hypotheses of the determinants of firms' preferences for immediate below‐the‐line versus delayed above‐the‐line expense recognition.     

Discussion of Accounting Discretion in Fair Value Estimates: An Examination of SFAS 142 Goodwill Impairments

Beatty and Weber examine an accounting choice that managers made upon adoption of Statement of Financial Accounting Standards 142: whether to record a goodwill asset impairment as a cumulative effect of an accounting change at the time of adoption or delay the recognition of such an impairment to the future (perhaps indefinitely) when they would be recorded as expenses in earnings from continuing operations. The authors consider several factors that might influence management's reporting of transition effects, including contracting, equity market incentives, and regulatory forces. Participants at the 2005 Journal of Accounting Research Conference questioned whether such a complex accounting decision can be captured with simple linear models and noisy proxy variables, while also speculating upon whether the results would generalize to other settings. In this discussion, I summarize Beatty and Weber's research, highlight its contribution to the accounting literature, and provide a record of the main issues raised by the conference participants.     

市值升级考

当中国上市公司经营目标从追求利润最大化转向追求价值最大化,市值管理成为摆在CFO面前的升级考卷。在考卷上,有“价值创造”这样的基础题,有“价值实现”这样的问答题,也有“价值经营”这样的加分题。考试成绩决定着上市公司的生死存亡,并且,没有补考。     

会计计量属性的探讨——市场价格、历史成本、现行成本与公允价值

资产和负债必须有相关的计量属性。本文讨论三项资产(包括负债)的三项属性,即市场价格、历史成本、现行成本和公允价值。市场价格是所有计量属性的基本概念,其他计量属性如历史成本、现行成本、现行销售(脱手)价格都来自市场价格。本文详细解释并说明历史成本和现行成本,重点是公允价值。在本文中,我们介绍并陈述了九个不同的公允价值定义,讨论了公允价值的层次,并反复说明公允价值是在现行交易中的估计价格,而不是在过去交易中形成的实际价格。     

CEO Ownership,Stock Market Performance,and Managerial Discretion

We examine the relationship between CEO ownership and stock market performance. A strategy based on public information about managerial ownership delivers annual abnormal returns of 4% to 10%. The effect is strongest among firms with weak external governance, weak product market competition, and large managerial discretion, suggesting that CEO ownership can reverse the negative impact of weak governance. Furthermore, owner‐CEOs are value increasing: they reduce empire building and run their firms more efficiently. Overall, our findings indicate that the market does not correctly price the incentive effects of managerial ownership, suggesting interesting feedback effects between corporate finance and asset pricing.     

市值管理:股市新生态内核

中国证监会2014年12月19日披露信息表示,依托大数据系统,强化针对市场操纵线索筛查和调查工作,已对18支股票的涉案机构和个人立案调查。自此,“市值管理”争议再起。中国宏观经济趋势的变化,令A股市场生态结构也在随之变化。共生共赢是股市新生态最显著的特点,其核心正是上市公司市值的增长。市值不增长,市场就失去了活力。因此,在股市新生态下,加强市值管理,追求市值成长,成为上市公司、投资者、证券机构、政府等市场各主体追求共生共赢的核心。然而,各利益主体对市值管理内涵的理解五花八门,市场上出现了各种类型的市值管理模式。从合规性和科学性来看,大致可以归纳为3     

对资产评估基本目标的再认识--兼论公允价值与市场价值

资产评估基本目标的重新界定不仅涉及到资产评估行业执业理念的转变,而且涉及到一系列资产评估基本理论问题和基本概念的重新认识.本文第一次提出了资产评估公允价值概念,并将其界定为资产评估的基本目标,并围饶这一命题较为全面地讨论和分析了会计中的公允价值与资产评估中的公允价值,以及资产评估中的公允价值与市场价值之间的联系与区别.     

To Fair Value or Not to Fair Value: A Broader Perspective

Fair value is considered here with respect to the two primary objectives of financial statements proposed in the joint conceptual framework that is under development by the FASB and the IASB, namely (a) informativeness—to assist providers of capital in predicting, evaluating, and comparing the amounts, timing and uncertainty of future cash flows, and (b) stewardship—to assist in evaluating how efficient and effective managers have been in enhancing shareholders' value. More specifically, a comprehensive set of accounting measures and a set of corporate governance reforms intended to align corporate insiders' and auditors' behaviour and decisions with the interests of investors is outlined. Suggested reforms show how to present a mix of effectively historical quantifications, exit values, and the discounted values of future cash flows expected from the particularized use of combinations of assets within the firm. Additionally, the article describes how markets can be reformed in order to align the interests of the officers who prepare such accounts, and the auditors who certify them, with those of investors. These market-based reforms would require auditors to insure misrepresentations, and managers to take equity to induce truthful reporting. Also included is a radical extension to earlier proposals by the author, requiring an officer of the company to make the market in shares in a way that would place limits upon the value of the insider's private information.     

Fair Value Exposure,Changes in Fair Value and Audit Fees: Evidence from the Australian Real Estate Industry

This paper investigates the relationship between audit fees and both fair value exposure and changes in fair value of investment properties. The study is motivated by the limited and inconclusive evidence on the effect on audit fees of full fair value reporting for illiquid assets. Using hand‐collected data from the Australian real estate industry, we find a negative (positive) association between audit fees and fair value exposure (changes in fair value of investment properties). Our findings also indicate that the use of unobservable inputs in fair value estimates for investment properties does not significantly increase audit risk and audit fees. Further, we find that audit fees are higher for firms with fair values of investment – properties estimated by external and mixed valuers – compared to firms with fair values estimated by directors alone. This study enriches the audit fee literature by documenting auditors’ pricing decisions in an area that involves significant estimation and valuation risks.     

从价值创造到市值管理:价值管理理论变迁研究评述

本文基于企业经营目标对价值管理理论的总体影响,系统梳理了价值管理理论从股东价值管理、利益相关者价值管理到市值管理的变迁过程。作者认为,企业经营目标不但决定了价值管理理论的性质和结构,而且对其从价值创造、价值实现到价值经营的研究路径变迁产生了重要影响。随着价值管理研究路径的融合,在未来研究中完善理论框架,关注管理模式的有效性检验,结合宏观经济、企业组织和公司金融的研究成果将是该领域深化研究的方向。     

公允价值、预期现值法及其应用

一、公允价值与预期现值法的基本含义美国财务会计准则委员会(FASB)将公允价值定义为：在当前的非强迫或非清算的交易中，自愿双方之间进行资产(或负债)的买卖(或发生与清偿)的金额。国际会计准则将其定义为: 在公平交易中，熟悉情况的当事人自愿据以进行资产交换或负债清偿的金额。二个定义并无本质差别。概括起来讲，公允价值实际上是指公允的市场价格。当存在可观察的市场价格时，此市场价格即为资产或负债的公允价值，而当不存在可观察的市场价格时，则应采用一定的计量技巧估计出其市场价格。此时在一般情况下可采用FASB推荐使用的…     

公允价值会计与市场投资异象研究——来自中国上市公司的经验证据

以2007～2010年我国A股公司为样本,研究了上市公司在采用公允价值计量方式后是否会产生新的投资异象以及造成这种投资异象的影响因素。运用均值T检验和Wilcoxon符号等级检验,并采用Fama-French三因素模型对样本公司进行回归。研究发现,在控制了市场风险、规模风险和账面市值比风险之后,投资策略仍然可获得超常回报率,并且公允价值变动损益占净利润比重大(小)的组,超常回报率低(高)。套利风险、交易成本是公允价值变动损益对净利润的波动性风险造成的投资异象的影响因素。交易成本越大,套利风险越高,错误定价越不容易被消除,其超常回报率也越高。     

公允价值及其计量

<国际会计准则16>对某项资产的公允价值和市场价值的表述非常相似,但事实并不是这么简单.公允价值这个概念贯穿整个会计准则.表面上看,它和市场价值这个概念十分相似,都指在交易中的可取得的价格,但市场价值实际上是公允价值在固定资产上的一个具体应用.市场价值,在它相对简单的定义背后,有着详尽的概念体系作为支持.国际评估准则、美国评估执业统一准则和英国评估师手册等评估准则对市场价值在各种情形下的具体含义作了清晰的归纳,而公允价值作为一个类属词在应用中缺乏像市场价值概念体系的指导.     

Regulation Fair Disclosure and Earnings Information: Market, Analyst, and Corporate Responses

With the adoption of Regulation Fair Disclosure (Reg FD), market behavior around earnings releases displays no significant change in return volatility (after controlling for decimalization of stock trading) but significant increases in trading volume due to difference in opinion. Analyst forecast dispersion increases, and increases in other measures of disagreement and difference of opinion suggest greater difficulty in forming forecasts beyond the current quarter. Corporations increase the quantity of voluntary disclosures, but only for current quarter earnings. Thus, Reg FD seems to increase the quantity of information available to the public while imposing greater demands on investment professionals.     

公允价值计量与资产评估——基于公允价值会计的顺周期效应的思考

2008年以来全球性金融风暴不仅严重地打击了世界各国的经济,同时也使得公允价值会计产生了顺周期效应。如何抑制公允价值会计的顺周期效应已经成为会计界及相关部门关注的焦点问题,本文力图从资产评估的角度探讨抑制公允价值会计的顺周期效应。     

公允价值:理论内涵与准则运用

本文结合公司理财和财务会计理论的观点 ,重新反思公允价值在新形势下的定位。首先 ,从会计是一个信息系统的角度出发 ,探讨如何正确认识公允价值的定义、作用及其所提供的会计信息的可靠性问题 ,并对比分析了传统计量属性的内在逻辑关系 ;其次 ,对我国会计准则今后如何运用公允价值提出自己的意见 ,并建议增加一张全面收益表作为过渡。最后 ,对全文进行总结并展望公允价值的未来前景。