美国量化宽松货币政策的退出对我国宏观经济与货币政策的影响

美国退出量化宽松在全球范围内对新兴经济体造成了普遍性的打击,尤其是众多发展中国家。考虑到中国经济多年来高速增长,且中国经济体制及货币政策制度较为特殊,美国退出量化宽松货币政策对于中国的影响将和对其他新兴经济体的影响不能一概而论。本文具体阐述了美国退出量化宽松货币政策的背景、政策变动对中国宏观经济可能带来的有利及不利影响,分析了退出量化宽松对货币政策造成的冲击,认为美国退出量化宽松对中国总体影响并不会太大,且长远来看有利于中国实体经济长远发展,并就如何调整货币政策、平稳经济、减小美国货币政策变动给我国带来的负面效应提出相关对策建议。     

美国现行宽松货币政策对世界物价的影响——基于不同经济体通货膨胀表现的分析

美国2007年年底开始大幅下调利率,2009年以来又采取了量化宽松的货币政策。与此同时,世界各国,尤其是新兴市场和发展中经济体发生了严重的通货膨胀。虽然美国的宽松货币政策确实提高了2008年以来的通货膨胀率,但是却不能解释新兴市场和发展中经济的通货膨胀普遍高于发达经济体的事实。高通胀的原因仍然在于各国国内的高货币供给。     

美联储退出政策对跨境资金流动的影响

美联储逐渐退出量化宽松货币政策以及由此引起的全球利率及资本流向改变,将使全球金融风险定价与资本结构在未来两三年内经历较大的调整.今年以来,世界经济格局发生了一些新变化.一方面,美欧等发达国家经济复苏进程有所加快,重新主导全球经济发展,美联储启动量化宽松政策的退出程序;另一方面,美联储的退出政策将加大全球金融动荡,大量资金从新兴市场经济体回流美国,进而对新兴经济体的汇率和金融资产价值产生冲击.美联储退出政策对我国国内流动性收缩有较大影响,国内开始执行“中性偏紧”的货币政策.综合来看,今年我国金融市场依然会面临结构性或季节性的资金紧张压力.     

通货膨胀监测预警定量指标研究

一、前言自2007年美国次贷危机爆发以来,美联储实施了极其宽松的货币政策,联邦基金利率由5.25%下调至0-0.25%。迄今为止,美联储已经实施了两轮量化宽松的货币政策,有效地消除了美国金融体系内的流动性短缺,但是这造成了全球新兴市场面临巨大冲击,一是短期国际     

美日两国应对国际金融危机的量化宽松货币政策比较

在应对危机的政策选择上,当利率接近为零时,量化宽松的货币政策就成为部分国家的选择。本文选择了连续推出两轮量化宽松政策的美国和作为全球最早采用过量化宽松政策又在应对这轮危机时重启该政策的日本,介绍了国际金融危机对这两国经济造成的影响以及他们各自推行量化宽松货币政策的具体内容,并对两国货币政策的侧重点和执行效果进行了综合比较。     

G20主要经济体宏观经济政策溢出效应研究

本文分析美国、中国、日本、欧元区及英国等G20五个系统重要性经济体宏观政策溢出效应。研究表明,美元指数与大宗商品价格具有显著的负向关系,影响美元指数的美国量化宽松等货币政策将影响大宗商品价格。主要国际货币发行国基础货币总和与资本跨境流动具有显著的正向关系,美联储、欧洲央行等量化宽松政策对资本跨境流动尤其是流入新兴经济体的资本产生较强溢出效应。同时,发达经济体占据产业链高端而通过产业链条对国际贸易形成溢出效应。另一方面,中国经济通过总量扩张、外汇储备资产积累及生产链条等渠道对大宗商品价格、国际金融市场及国际贸易产生溢出效应。为此,各国应进一步加强国际协调,降低系统重要性经济体宏观经济政策负面溢出效应。     

美国量化宽松货币政策与退出效应及其对中国的影响研究

文章基于面板向量自回归模型(PVAR)研究了美国量化宽松货币政策的实施与退出对以G20国家为主要样本经济体的溢出效应。研究结果表明:一方面,美国量化宽松政策对发达经济体和发展中经济体的溢出效应差异比较显著;相对浮动汇率经济体,政策对钉住汇率经济体的影响较大;对中国而言,贸易渠道和输入性通货膨胀效应是美国量化宽松政策作用于我国宏观经济的主要传导途径。另一方面,以美联储加息为主要标志的退出机制可能对发展中国家经济正常运行带来不小挑战,尤其应警惕潜在的通货紧缩和币值下行风险;此外,加息有助于缓解人民币"外升内贬"现象,但对我国股市可能造成短暂的负向冲击。     

美国量化宽松货币政策与我国金融体系安全问题

近期,美国新一轮量化宽松货币政策正式推出。为此,本文考察了美国量化宽松货币政策的历史,分析了量化宽松货币政策与全球性流动性泛滥的内在联系,指出了量化宽松货币政策对我国金融体系的不利影响,并有针对性的提出了保障我国金融体系安全的若干措施和建议。     

美国量化宽松货币政策对中国经济的影响及对策

全球金融危机爆发以来,一些西方国家通过注资、贷款、定期拍卖、资产置换、短期资产购买等量化宽松措施向金融系统注入流动性。2009年,美国在采取降息以及扩张央行资产负债表刺激经济未果的情况下,采取直接购买本国长期国债的非常规量化宽松货币政策,以此达到为财政赤字融资和降低长期利率从而刺激经济的目的。美国的量化宽松货币政策,实质上就是美国继续实行美元泛滥的举措,为的是稀释各国对美债权。     

超宽松货币政策的金融稳定风险

在2008年金融和经济危机之后,美国、英国、日本及欧元区等发达经济体的中央银行采取了将利率降低乃至零以下,以及大规模资产购买、对商业银行长期贷款以及对中期货币政策的前瞻性指引等措施。上述政策称为超宽松货币政策。超低或负短期利率不能保证充分就业和价格稳定,这些非常规政策的目的是重新恢复价格稳定和刺激经济增长,一些政策的目的也是为了保持金融稳定。超宽松货币政策和金融稳定:概念和证据超宽松货币政策可以创造超宽松金融环境,能促使通胀率上升和出口增加,     

债务风险、量化宽松与中国通胀前景

在全球金融危机期间,美、英、日等主要发达国家的财政状况迅速恶化、公共债务急剧增加。而美联储和其他主要央行实施量化宽松的货币政策,更可能直接增加流向中国的热钱。另外还有三大因素将直接抬高中国的通胀压力:第一是粮食及大宗商品价格直线上升;第二是工资水平急剧上涨;第三是极度宽松的货币政策环境。所有这些表明通货膨胀可能是2011年中国最大的宏观经济风险,央行需要采取包括加息、升值等的全面性的货币政策紧缩来控制通胀风险。     

The effectiveness of monetary policy in China: Evidence from a Qual VAR

Analyzing monetary policy in China is not straightforward because the People's Bank of China (PBoC) implements policy by using more than one instrument. In this paper we use a Qual VAR, a conventional VAR system augmented with binary policy announcements, to extract a latent indicator of tightening and easing pressure, respectively, for China. The model acknowledges that policy announcements are endogenous and summarizes policy by a single indicator. The Qual VAR allows us to study the impact of monetary policy in terms of unexpected changes in these latent variables, which we identify using sign restrictions. We show that the transmission of monetary policy impulses to the rest of the economy is similar to the transmission process in advanced economies in terms of both output growth and inflation despite a very different monetary policy framework. We find that bank loans are not sensitive to policy changes, which implies that window guidance is still a necessary policy tool. We also find that the impact of monetary policy shocks is asymmetric in terms of asset prices, that is, the asset price reactions differ in their sensitivity to tightening shocks and easing shocks, respectively. In particular, an easing of monetary conditions boosts stock prices while a tightening shock leaves stock prices unaffected. This shows that monetary policy is not a suitable tool to stabilize asset prices, which raises implications for financial stability and macroprudential policy.     

International spillovers of U.S. monetary uncertainty and equity market volatility to China’s stock markets

Due to the global economy that is currently being increasingly integrated and liberalized, the cross-country transmission of U.S. monetary policy surprises has become a critical issue attracting scholarly attention. This research thus extends the existing literature by assessing the causal linkages among U.S. monetary policy uncertainty (USMPU), equity market volatility, and China’s stock price index over the period from January 1994 to August 2021. We apply Granger causality in quantile analysis to explore the relationships in each quantile of the distribution in a comprehensible manner. The results indicate that equity market volatility and China’s stock price dynamics play little role in affecting USMPU. We also find that only greater changes in both positive monetary policy uncertainty and stock prices lead to changes in equity market volatility. Furthermore, fluctuations in monetary policy uncertainty and equity market volatility in the United States Granger-cause China’s stock prices. Knowing such causality results could prevent market participants from adopting a one-size-fits-all strategy.     

Proposal for a common currency among rich democracies

This paper proposes the creation of a common currency for the industrialized democracies, notably the United States, the European Union, and Japan. A common currency implies a common monetary policy; institutional arrangements for which are discussed. The rationale rests on the assumption that asymmetrical financial shocks will become more important than asymmetrical real shocks for these large, diversified economies, and that one of the growing sources of financial shocks will be changing expectations about exchange rate movements among national currencies. These financial shocks will in turn disturb real economies, such that flexible exchange rates among major currencies will increasingly become sources of shock more than shock absorbers. Such a common currency would also make it much easier for emerging markets to frame their monetary and exchange rate policies.     

Assessing the performance of inflation targeting in East Asian economies

This paper examines the implementation and performance of inflation targeting (IT) in four East Asian emerging market economies: Indonesia, Korea, the Philippines, and Thailand. It also examines monetary policy in Malaysia, a country that has not adopted IT. The study estimates policy reaction functions to test the links between the adoption of IT and use of a monetary policy rule. The impulse responses of prices to a monetary policy shock are also estimated to identify monetary policy impacts on prices. The findings on the monetary policies of the five economies can be summarised as follows. Korea has taken an inflation‐responsive and forward‐looking policy stance under inflation targeting, which has had an effect on the stability of prices. Indonesia and Thailand have conducted inflation‐responsive but backward‐looking policy stances, which have had no impact in terms of price stabilisation. The Philippines (which adopted IT but under a pegged exchange rate regime) and Malaysia have neither followed inflation‐responsive rules nor had policy impacts in terms of controlling inflation.     

The role of the Chinese economy in the world economy: A U.S. perspective

In this paper I first review the amazing progress that free market economic reforms have brought to the Chinese people after years of central control and suppression of markets. Thanks to greater economic freedom, economic growth increased sharply and hundreds of millions of people have been removed from poverty. By all accounts, however, economic freedom in China has a long way to go. The U.S. perspective should be that these market reforms continue. These further reforms toward economic freedom and economic growth in China will be beneficial to the United States. Such reforms would include a greater transparency about the monetary policy strategies, more openness of the capital accounts and less exchange rate and stock market intervention. Such economic reforms should be welcomed and encouraged by the United States and other countries.     

Sudden Stops and Current Account Reversals: Potential Macroeconomic Consequences for South Africa

South Africa is one of the emerging market countries that have received a relatively large amount of foreign capital since the mid‐2000s. In South Africa's case, these inflows were partly used to build the country's foreign exchange reserves, but more particularly to finance continued large current account deficits. During the course of the past two years, however, adverse domestic political developments, combined with the potential negative impacts of the unwinding of quantitative easing policies and the normalising of monetary policy in the United States on emerging markets in general, has raised the spectre of a sharp slowdown in foreign capital flows to South Africa and an associated reversal of the current deficit. This paper explores the potential impact of such a development on macroeconomic conditions in South Africa. The analysis consists of macroeconometric model‐based alternative scenarios backed up by both the international evidence on the impact of such events and South Africa's own history.     

Dissecting long-run and short-run causalities between monetary policy and stock prices

We adopt a Cointegrated Vector-Autoregressive (CVAR) model to analyze the long-run behavior and short-run dynamics of stock markets across five developed and three emerging economies. Our main aim is to check whether liquidity conditions play an important role for stock market developments. As an innovation, liquidity conditions enter the analysis from three angles: in the form of a broad monetary aggregate, the interbank overnight rate and net capital flows which represent the share of global liquidity that arrives in the respective country. A second objective is to understand whether central banks are able to influence the stock market.     

货币政策公布效应、投资者情绪与市场状态

从世界范围来看,我国证券市场属于新兴资本市场。所以从实践来看,宏观经济政策调控会对证券市场产生影响,其传递路径主要通过对投资者心理产生作用,进而会影响到投资者价值与价格的比较判断,最终导致证券市场的非正常波动。本文在结合国内外研究的基础上构建基于最小二乘的多元回归模型研究货币政策公布效应。研究结果显示:投资者心理指标的变动与证券指数有显著的相关性,而货币政策的调整幅度、虚变量市场状态对应的P值大于对应的显著性水平α,显示货币政策信息公布时点及调整幅度在市场处于牛市或熊市下不能一致性地产生溢价收益。