Linking simulation argument to the AI risk

Metaphysics, future studies, and artificial intelligence (AI) are usually regarded as rather distant, non-intersecting fields. There are, however, interesting points of contact which might highlight some potentially risky aspects of advanced computing technologies. While the original simulation argument of Nick Bostrom was formulated without reference to the enabling AI technologies and accompanying existential risks, I argue that there is an important generic link between the two, whose net effect under a range of plausible scenarios is to reduce the likelihood of our living in a simulation. This has several consequences for risk analysis and risk management, the most important being putting greater priority on confronting “traditional” existential risks, such as those following from the misuse of biotechnology, nuclear winter or supervolcanism. In addition, the present argument demonstrates how – rather counterintuitively – seemingly speculative ontological speculations could, in principle, influence practical decisions on risk mitigation policies.     

How much could refuges help us recover from a global catastrophe?

Some global catastrophes (such as nuclear wars, pandemics, or an asteroid collision) might destroy civilization. Some propose building well-stocked shelters constantly staffed with people trained to rebuild civilization in such cases. These “refuges” would have an unimpressive expected cost per life saved, but could conceivably have an impressive expected cost per future generation allowed to exist. From some ethical perspectives that highly value future generations, building refuges may therefore seem like a promising idea. However, several factors significantly dilute the potential impact of refuges, even if the proposed catastrophes occur. Government/private disaster shelters, people working on submarines, and isolated peoples who prefer to be left alone serve these purposes to some extent already. Many proposed catastrophes do too much/too little damage for refuges to help, affect the environment in ways that make refuges largely irrelevant, or otherwise give relatively limited advantages to the people in refuges. In global food crises or social collapse scenarios, refuges would add little to aggregate stocks of population, resources, food, and relevant skills; but they may add something unique in terms of isolation and coordination. These potential benefits of refuges seem the most promising, and may be worthy of further analysis.     

Aquatic refuges for surviving a global catastrophe

Recently many methods for reducing the risk of human extinction have been suggested, including building refuges underground and in space. Here we will discuss the perspective of using military nuclear submarines or their derivatives to ensure the survival of a small portion of humanity who will be able to rebuild human civilization after a large catastrophe. We will show that it is a very cost-effective way to build refuges, and viable solutions exist for various budgets and timeframes. Nuclear submarines are surface independent, and could provide energy, oxygen, fresh water and perhaps even food for their inhabitants for years. They are able to withstand close nuclear explosions and radiation. They are able to maintain isolation from biological attacks and most known weapons. They already exist and need only small adaptation to be used as refuges. But building refuges is only “Plan B” of existential risk preparation; it is better to eliminate such risks than try to survive them.     

金融创新风险的分类及其形成

本文通过对金融创新和金融风险的分析,讨论了金融创新风险的一般概念.然后,根据金融创新风险产生的原因以及对金融体系的不同影响进行分类,划分为金融创新自身活动及产品风险、金融创新市场风险、金融创新机构风险、金融创新货币政策及监管风险、金融创新系统化及国际化风险等,并对每一种风险的形成进行分析和阐述.     

金融创新风险的分类及其形成

本文通过对金融创新和金融风险的分析,讨论了金融创新风险的一般概念。然后,根据金融创新风险产生的原因以及对金融体系的不同影响进行分类,划分为金融创新自身活动及产品风险、金融创新市场风险、金融创新机构风险、金融创新货币政策及监管风险、金融创新系统化及国际化风险等,并对每一种风险的形成进行分析和阐述。     

电子税务局建设:问题、借鉴及对策

作为电子政务不可分割的重要组成部分,电子税务局是深化国税地税征管体制改革、实现新时代税收现代化、助推高质量发展的枢纽承载。本文对电子税务局进行了重新界定,指出在大数据与人工智能发展背景下电子税务局的功能定位,对电子税务局运行中出现的问题作了梳理,并借鉴国外电子税务局建设经验,对电子税务局有效运作的关键机制进行了思考,提出了对策建议,以期通过科技赋能,在需求挖掘、风险防控、业务升级和管理精细化等方面取得突破性进展。     

对商业银行信用风险监测评价的新思考

为监测评价商业银行信用风险,在对其成因进行深入阐述后,借助聚类分析选取32个单项指标构成评价指标体系.由此建立基于BP算法的三层前向神经网络,通过网络训练,利用网络的自适应、自学习能力,自动获取合适的网络权值与阚值,并采用附加动量法加快网络的收敛速度,基于此对商业银行所面临的信用风险进行评价.仿真试验及实证研究表明了该方法的适用性与可行性.     

巨灾风险管理中金融创新品种研究综述

创新是保险业发展的永恒主题,而保险风险管理技术的提升则是保险业可持续发展能力的重要象征。近年来,伴随着金融工程技术的推广,各类金融创新产品在保险业尤其是巨灾保险和寿险风险管理中得到了广泛应用,相关研究涉及品种介绍、效用评价、定价技术以及运作机制等诸多方面。     

人工智能技术赋能国际贸易的效应研究

在对人工智能赋能国际贸易效应进行理论分析的基础上,创新了人工智能技术水平的评价指标,测度了主要国家的人工智能技术水平,建立面板数据模型实证研究了人工智能技术创新对贸易竞争优势的影响。结果表明：人工智能技术引发大量互补性技术创新,形成技术创新的“簇群”并催生新技术、新产品不断涌现,不但推动贸易规模扩大、贸易结构升级,而且对贸易竞争优势产生显著正向影响,使得各国比较优势与竞争优势发生深刻变化。产业规模、人力资本、全球开放程度、全要素生产率等均对贸易竞争力产生积极影响。     

Does it pay to be ethical? Evidence from the FTSE4Good

The empirical mean–variance evidence comparing the performance of Socially Responsible Investments (SRI) and conventional investments suggests that there is no significant difference between the two. This paper re-examines the problem in the context of Marginal Conditional Stochastic Dominance (MCSD), which can accommodate any return distribution or concave utility function. Our results provide strong evidence that there is a financial price to be paid for socially responsible investing. Indices composed of socially responsible firms are MCSD dominated by trademarked indices composed of conventional firms as well as by indices carefully matched by size and industry with the firms in the SRI indices. Zero cost portfolios created by shorting the SRI index and using the proceeds to invest in the conventional index generate higher average returns, lower variance and higher skewness than either of the two indices standing alone. They also MCSD dominate the SRI and conventional indices standing alone.     

商业银行金融创新与系统性风险

本文利用2007—2018年间我国商业银行金融创新财务数据和基于尾部依赖度量的系统性风险,分析了商业银行金融创新对系统性风险的影响。结果显示:第一,我国商业银行金融创新在经济上行时期会降低系统性风险,在经济下行时期会增加系统性风险;第二,按照不同类型商业银行金融创新来看,在经济下行时期,商业银行衍生金融负债业务、理财及代理业务创新会增加系统性风险,而衍生金融资产业务和信贷业务创新会降低系统性风险。本文对实证结果提供了可能的经济学解释,并基于实证结果及原因,进一步提出了相应的监管措施和政策建议。     

我国中小企业技术创新与风险市场融资分析

近年来,我国中小企业在经济发展和结构调整中发挥着越来越重要的作用,而中小企业的生存和发展往往又离不开技术创新的支持。本文主要通过借鉴国内外中小企业的技术创新与风险融资市场的发展状况,对我国中小企业技术创新与风险市场投融资的特点及其运作模式进行分析,认为风险市场投融资与技术创新之间存在着一定的联系,强调风险投资市场对中小企业技术创新的重要作用,并讨论了培育和发展我国风险投资市场,促进中小企业技术创新的做法,最后给出了解决我国中小企业技术创新与风险投资市场融合困境的相应对策。     

我国证券公司场外发行业务创新及风险控制研究

证券公司发展场外发行业务，是满足投资者投资和企业融资需求的要求，也是证券公司自身培育利润增长点的需要。本文借鉴海外投资银行开展场外发行业务的经验，在建立和完善场外发行市场的前提下，探索建立健全我国证券公司的场外发行业务创新及其风险控制机制。     

中国创业板市场制度创新研究

中国创业板市场应该是一种“支持创业投资、促进资本形成的资本市场制度创新”,附属市场的板块模式并不符合中国资本市场发展的内在要求。要控制制度失衡带给中国资本市场的制度风险,必须修正制度设置。