Internal immigrant mobility in the early 20th century: evidence from Galveston,Texas

Between 1907 and 1914, the “Galveston Movement,” a philanthropic effort spearheaded by Jacob Schiff, fostered the immigration of approximately 10,000 Russian Jews through the Port of Galveston, Texas. Upon arrival, households were given train tickets to pre-selected locations west of the Mississippi River where a job awaited. Despite the program’s stated purpose to locate new Russian Jewish immigrants to the Western part of the U.S., we find that roughly 85 to 90 percent of the prime-age male participants ultimately moved east of the Mississippi, typically to large Northeastern and Midwestern cities. We use a standard framework for modeling location decisions to show destination assignments made cities more desirable, but this effect was overwhelmed by the attraction of religious and country of origin enclaves. Economic conditions appear to be of secondary importance to our ethnic measures, even for participants at the top of the skill distribution.     

中国经济学的世纪:21世纪

中国转轨与发展的经济实践是中国经济学成长之母,具有勤奋、睿智而甘于奉献的牺牲精神、宽广而深厚的经济学、数学和人文科学功底的中国经济学家是中国经济学的成长之父。     

二十世纪九十年代以来中日通货紧缩的比较

中国与日本在二十世纪九十年代以来所经历的通货紧缩有诸多的相似点，由于两国对经济过热和通货紧缩的认识态度和治理措施的不同，中日两国的通货紧缩及其影响呈现出不同的态势。本文拟对两国通货紧缩的异同进行深入的比较分析。     

Multi-generational educational mobility in China in the twentieth century

Two essential strategies to understand the mechanisms of intergenerational mobility are to compare mobility across countries and across time. However, for multi-generational mobility, estimates for developing countries are mostly missing, and trend studies are rare. This paper uses education to measure social status and provides nationally representative estimates of social mobility over three generations in China that are suitable for international comparison. Results show that grandparents’ education positively correlates with children’s education, controlling for the parents’ education. This grandparent effect is comparable to what is found in Western countries, despite differences in cultures and institutions. During the sample period, the correlation between grandparent and child education is relatively stable. When exploring mechanisms, we find that the observed grandparent effect is primarily due to omitted information from the parents’ generation, not direct interactions between grandparents and children.     

Intergenerational income mobility and economic freedom

Numerous studies have found that income inequality reduces the chances of upward relative mobility (i.e., climbing up the income ladder). However, most of this work ignores the role played by institutional quality (namely, economic freedom) in determining mobility and increasing the individual's set of choices. We fill this gap by empirically testing the direct and indirect (through economic growth) impacts of economic freedom on intergenerational income mobility. We find that economic freedom has both direct and indirect effects on intergenerational income mobility, while income inequality is a strong predictor of downward income mobility. When we incorporate findings about the purely mechanical relationship between inequality and intergeneration income mobility, we find that the legal system and property rights component of economic freedom matters more than inequality. These results suggest that good institutions can increase intergenerational income mobility.     

Intergenerational mobility of earnings in South Korea

The purpose of this study is to estimate the extent of intergenerational mobility of earnings in the Republic of Korea (South Korea). The elasticity of children's earnings with respect to parent's earnings is estimated using household microdata. When the simulation extrapolation (SIMEX) method is applied along with the multiyear-average method, the elasticity is estimated to be 0.24 or less for sons approximately 30 years old. When the two-stage approach is applied, the elasticity is approximately 0.25 for sons and 0.35 for daughters in their 30s, and approximately 0.35 for sons and 0.4 for daughters from 25 to 54 years old. Nonparametric regression illustrates that sons from low-income families in the younger generation have more equal opportunities than in the older generation     

Intergenerational earnings mobility in Singapore and the United States

This study compared intergenerational earnings mobility in Singapore and the United States by replicating the sample criteria in the Singapore National Youth Survey on the U.S. Panel Study of Income Dynamics. The mean estimated earnings elasticities are almost identical: 0.26 in Singapore and 0.28 in the United States. Transformed to 0.44 and 0.47 respectively to reflect permanent status, mobility in the two countries is moderately low compared internationally. The finding of similar mobility is not surprising given that the two countries have similar economic realities, welfare systems, education regimes, and labor structures. Policy makers face the daunting challenge of overcoming immobility and inequality while maintaining global competitiveness.     

Male–female earnings differentials in early 20th century Manila

How might earnings of men and women have differed in poor countries a century ago? We know very little but a one-worker-in-ten labor market survey conducted in Manila in 1900 can help to establish baseline earnings patterns. In terms of raw means, women's earnings were about 30 percent less than men's, but both were distributed so that in some industries there were women who earned more than the average man. Controlling for hours, occupations and firm characteristics left female earnings discounts that varied by occupation from nothing to nearly half, ceteris paribus. Women workers concentrated in relatively skilled tobacco processing work, paid by the piece. Within this industry, productivity differentials were confounded by occupational segregation, however, in which men made the more expensive cigars and women the cheaper cigars and cigarettes.     

Intergenerational transfer of human capital and its impact on income mobility: Evidence from China

This paper analyzes theoretically and empirically the impact of intergenerational transmission of human capital on the income mobility in China. We use a three-period overlapping-generations (OLG) model to show that the human capital transfer plays a remarkable role in determining the parent-to-offspring investment in human capital and the intergenerational elasticity of income. We then estimate a simultaneous equations model (SEM) using the 1989–2009 China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) data to verify our theoretical predictions. The results show that (i) human capital, measured by health and education, is directly transmitted from one generation to the next, reflecting the parent-induced inequality of development opportunities among offspring in China; (ii) the estimated intergenerational income elasticity increases from 0.429 to 0.481 when the direct transfer of human capital is accounted for, suggesting that omitting this mechanism would overestimate China's income mobility. Our findings provide policy implications on strengthening human capital investments among the disadvantaged groups, reinforcing reforms that promote equality of opportunity, and improving the efficiency of labor markets in China.     

简论20世纪西方史学的发展

20世纪初兴起的西方新史学是相对于19世纪以兰克史学为代表的传统史学而言的.整个20世纪上半叶是新旧史学斗争、抗衡、交替时期,20世纪50年代,新史学取代了传统的旧史学.新史学强调把历史研究扩大到人类生活的方方面面,注重分析、解释,主张打破学科界线,提倡跨学科研究.     

2015中国(上海)国际游艇展千帆浦江畔,激扬蓝海间

博纳多:帆船到动力艇全系列作为全球第一的帆船制造商及主要动力艇制造商,博纳多集团(Beneteau)今年庆祝130周年.2015上海游艇展上,博纳多集团旗下品牌博纳多、蓝高和蒙地卡罗都有新艇亮相,不仅有特别设计的博纳多飞扬7和遨享仕35首发,还有蓝高630动力艇和蒙地卡罗MCY和MC系列亮相.     

Growth, institutions and knowledge: a review and reflection on the historiography of 18th–20th century China

This article surveys major themes on the latest revisionist thesis of economic growth in China during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. With an emphasis on the role of informal and formal institutions to economic growth, this article reviews the traditional legal system and its impact on the organizational evolution of major Chinese merchant groups. It argues that, to understand the distinctive path of long-term economic growth or stagnation in China, we need to go beyond the study of resource endowments or technologies, to also incorporate an economic analysis of China's traditional social and political institutions and their associated ideologies.     

Good schools make good neighbors: Human capital spillovers in early 20th century agriculture

Formal schooling has a significant impact on modern agricultural productivity but there is little evidence quantifying the historical importance of schools in the early development of the American agricultural sector. I present new data from the Midwest at the start of the twentieth century showing that the emerging public schools were helping farmers successfully adapt to a variety of agricultural innovations. I use a unique dataset of farmers containing detailed geographical information to estimate both the private returns to schooling and human capital spillovers across neighboring farms. The results indicate that public schools contributed substantially to agricultural productivity at the turn of the century and that a large portion of this contribution came through human capital spillovers. These findings offer new insights into why the Midwest was a leader in the expansion of secondary education.     

The spirit of capitalism? Ethnicity, religion, and self-employment in early 20th century Canada

This paper examines self-employment in Canada at the beginning of the 20th century. Self-employment 100 years ago was associated with greater human capital and negatively related to earnings in employee occupations in the local district. We also find strong evidence of immigrant assimilation in self-employment and modest evidence of higher self-employment in enclaves with greater concentration of immigrants. An analysis of recent immigrants supports the hypothesis that liquidity constraints were an important determinant of self-employment. Christian affiliation had little impact on self-employment outcomes.     

科举制的废除与二十世纪初中国文化的断层

科举制度在中国历史上起着维系传统的社会精英阶层之间的社会流动性、传承儒家文化、保持社会凝聚力的作用，但由于它禁锢人们思想，使国人无法应对民族危机和现代化挑战，改革它是完全必要的，但清末的废除科举制使社会凝聚力迅速削弱，中国文化在二十世纪出现断层，其影响至今仍可看到。回顾这段历史将给我们民族的现代化转型过程提供若干有益的启示。     

Variations in the regional distribution of cross-border activity of Swedish transnational corporations during the 20th century

Abstract

This article outlines variations in the regional distribution of foreign activity of eight of the most important long-standing Swedish industrial corporations during the last century. It focuses on foreign subsidiaries, employment and sales by these companies, to determine what were the principal long-term trends: globalization or Europeanization. A wave of Europeanization occurred around 1900–1929, when the companies began establishing their worldwide reach. Before the Great Depression, almost all had founded subsidiaries in both Europe and USA. During the 1950–79 period, all had established subsidiaries in all parts of the world. I show that geographical spread in Europe and the spread in the rest of the world have both been significant trends. During the latter part of the 2011 century, there was a considerable intensification of business activity outside Europe, which in most cases was accompanied by a relative decline of the share in foreign business activity of the home region.