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滞留成本、竞争性定价歧视和定价机制选择 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
在很多市场环境下,消费者重复消费同一种商品会产生效用折扣或者消费者喜欢尝试不同的商品特性,因此消费者追求消费多样化,重复消费同一种商品会产生滞留成本。文章采用两期动态博弈框架,研究滞留成本的存在对于企业竞争性歧视定价行为和市场绩效的影响,此后又进一步研究了企业的定价机制选择问题。文章的研究结果表明:(1)在歧视定价机制下,企业会奖励忠诚的消费者,即企业会对重复购买自己产品的消费者(忠诚消费者)给予价格优惠,而对新顾客索取高价;(2)与统一定价相比,歧视性定价降低了企业利润和社会福利,增加了消费者剩余;(3)当企业可以在歧视定价和统一定价两种机制之间进行选择时,每个企业选择歧视性定价机制是均衡结果。 相似文献
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AbstractBackground: In Japan, pharmacoeconomic requirements for list-price adjustment were institutionalized in April 2019 following provisional implementation of a new Health Technology Assessment (HTA) program 2016–2019. Since April 2019, submission of cost-effectiveness evidence to the Central Social Insurance Medical Council (Chuikyo) as part of the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour, and Welfare has been mandatory for selected pharmaceuticals and medical devices.Methods: Based on a review of publications and commentaries since April 2019, together with views from a group of experts on key issues to be addressed, this report provides an update on recent HTA developments and key challenges still to be addressed.Results and Discussion: Japan’s new HTA program is a first step toward development of a universal healthcare system that can be sustainable for many years into the future. Currently, Japan’s HTA program requires provision of incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) as evidence, with quality-adjusted life years as the preferred outcome measure. Prices can be adjusted both upward and downward according to the degree of the ICER estimate. Japan is the first country to have adopted an algorithmic method for “ICER-based” pricing; however, HTA measures that extend beyond a single ICER estimate are needed to take full advantage of HTA in the future. In particular, generation of evidence of value should support changes to the healthcare system so that incentives for innovation are not diminished while industry and government are not overburdened by the generation or assessment of evidence. There is a need to ensure scientifically sound HTA expertise across all sectors in Japan, and therefore enhancement of HTA literacy and capability among healthcare professionals, academia, government, and industry should be a priority. 相似文献
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分析了我国场外交易市场定价存在的价格非市场化、存货成本高、市场规模与价格市场化形成机制不匹配等问题。在借鉴发达场外交易市场的基础上,根据我国实际情况选择存货模型作为理论基础,构建了我国场外交易市场的定价模型,提出了相应的配套的条件。 相似文献
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水务事业单位的水利项目在成本核算方面出现了很多问题。由于核算制度的不健全,管理者在进行经营决策时,缺乏基础性数据的支持,致使对供水生产成本、期间费用和水价核算方法不明确。基于此,提出水务事业单位应该建立水利项目成本核算制度,并以刘川工程管理局为例,将供水定价成本核算方法应用于水务事业单位的水利项目成本核算。 相似文献
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利率市场化进程中欠发达地区银行利率定价行为 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
国内商业银行的经营特征和收入结构已经反映出存贷款利率的重要性,欠发达地区商业银行的经营尤其依赖于存贷利差收入。在当前利率市场化进程中银行如何进行利率定价日益成为重要课题。对此,本文通过建立特定时期的欠发达地区商业银行利率定价的行为模型,对不同情景下的利率定价进行理论分析,进而明晰商业银行现行利率定价选择的根本缺陷,提出了最优利率定价策略及其实现路径。 相似文献
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段涛 《生态经济(学术版)》2013,(7)
分析了边际机会成本定价法的特点,指出了该方法应用于城市再生水定价时的作用,给出了边际机会成本定价的一般公式.通过分析得出再生水边际成本定价时需用平均增量成本代替边际机会成本,并给出了平均增量成本的计算公式.最后提出了城市再生水边际机会成本定价的具体步骤.采用边际机会成本定价法可使再生水生产企业获得足够的收入去扩容并实现可持续发展,还有可能实现资源的高效分配,因此可作为判断再生水价格是否合理的一个主要依据. 相似文献
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本文进一步拓展了Biais和Faugerson-Crouzet(2002)的模型。研究发现,固定价格定价机制由于不能收集投资者关于股票的真实信息,其抑价水平往往高于拍卖(统一价格拍卖)以及累计投标定价这三种定价机制,只有在投资者拥有的私人信号全部是坏信号的情况下,三者之间的抑价水平才会一致。拍卖与累计投标的抑价水平差异取决于投资者的理性约束行为。 相似文献
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使用者成本视角下的能源矿产资源定价改革 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
华晓慧 《生态经济(学术版)》2008,(6)
本文从使用者成本的内涵及其表现形式出发,通过分析我国能源矿产资源税费制度的现状以及存在的问题,得出了能源矿产资源产品定价中使用者成本缺失的初步结论,由此提出以明晰产权、合理征收矿山地租、完善矿业权交易市场和形成竞争性市场价格为途径,实现资源产品定价中使用者成本的充分补偿. 相似文献
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C.Christian Von Weizsäcker 《Information Economics and Policy》1984,1(3):197-216
The two leading principles of pricing for public enterprises are outlined: Value based and cost based pricing. It is shown that optimal pricing à la Ramsey-Boiteux is closely related to value based pricing which itself is connected with Lindahl pricing of public goods. Cost based pricing is related to the pricing in competitive markets. Opening up of telecommunication to competition implies a change from value based (public good) pricing to cost based (pritate good) pricing. It is shown why specific developments in telecommunication technology make a switch to cost based pricing and a competitive environment appropriate. At the end a proposal is developed for a gradual change towards competition which would meet less political resistance. 相似文献
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本文从使用者成本的内涵及其表现形式出发,通过分析我国非再生能源资源税费制度的现状以及存在的问题,表明非再生能源资源定价中使用者成本的缺失。提出以明晰产权、合理征收矿山地租、完善矿业权交易市场和形成竞争性市场价格的途径,实现非再生能源资源定价中使用者成本的充分补偿。 相似文献
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文章阐述了合理制订水利工程供水价格的重要意义,通过建立水资源完全成本定价模型,对工程供水成本进行测算分析,制订完全成本水价区间,为合理制订水价提供科学依据,同时提出了相应的配套政策措施。 相似文献
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以往关于水资源市场交易机制的研究因为仅限于一个市场的交易成本,因此常常低估交易成本。我们认为,市场产权制度的设计与实施相关成本是交易成本中非常重要的部分。在运用交易成本对水配置机制效率的全面评价时面临一系列的测度问题,尽管有关最终交易的成本相对易于测度,但最初的信息收集、政策执行和正式市场机制的设计与运行的有关成本的测度存在困难。事实上,当一个政策实施后,再来测度交易成本要容易得多,但为了决策的需要,我们必须事前就了解相应的交易成本。 相似文献
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Lorraine Conway David Prentice 《Economic Papers: A journal of applied economics and policy》2020,39(3):290-311
In this paper, we review studies to understand how much households change their electricity consumption when there is a price change. Many studies find residential households have long-term and short-run elasticities behaving as economic theory would suggest. Long-run elasticities range from −0.75 to −0.3, and short-run elasticities range from −0.47 to −0.026. Household responsiveness seems to increase when paired with technology. The major gaps in research from the empirical economic literature are how low-income and vulnerable Australian households could be affected by price changes and how Australians respond to within-day variation in prices. 相似文献
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首先在理论上分析了工程索赔中费用索赔的构成、产生费用索赔的原因、费用索赔的计算方法及索赔费用的计价方式,再结合实际项目案例——某市交通枢纽项目桩基工程的索赔案例中的费用索赔计价方式进行分析,结合工程量清单计价模式提出了新的工程索赔计价的思路。 相似文献
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农产品定价权研究--基于中间利润分成模型的分析 总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8
文章探讨了在信息不对称情况下影响农户定价权的变量要素,并在此基础上给出了农户与中介(或企业)在合作博弈下的利润分成模型.此模型运用对事后中间利润的分配取代事前对收购价格的讨价还价,避免了后者可能出现的帕累托改进所带来的契约的无效.同时,文章在对中间利润分成模型的局限性进行剖析的基础上,引入了农户合作组织作为分散的农户的代理人,放宽了中间利润分成模型的潜在假设,而且双重委托-代理关系理顺了农户和中介(或企业)之间的交易关系,对于建立有效的农产品交易机制是一个很大的推动. 相似文献
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What are cost changes for produce implementing traceability systems in China? Evidence from enterprise A 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Based on the survey data and information, this paper conducts analysis on the extra cost of traceability systems for agro-product enterprises in China. Calculation on concrete pricing of traceable products is conducted with Enterprise A as an example by using break-even pricing. The price that consumers are willing to pay for 10 traceable products in Enterprise A was measured by collecting 576 valid questionnaires in three cities in China. The benefit–cost ratio, contribution margin ration and profit growth rate are figured before and after implementing the traceability system to illustrate if Enterprise A is profitable after implementing the traceability system. The results show that extra cost incurred by the traceability system of Enterprise A is not high in China; it is not the main reason for the high price of traceable products. Enterprise A increases its operating efficiency and profit growth rate after implementing the traceability system. The pricing of traceable product should consider target consumers’ willingness to pay rather than setting prices blindingly. Government support and education to consumers are important to promote the construction of traceability system at the early stage of establishment of traceability system in China. 相似文献
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Marc Lavoie 《Review of Political Economy》2016,28(2):169-186
Frederic Lee has been a major contributor to post-Keynesian economics, mainly to its theory of pricing. This article summarizes his objections to the neoclassical view of the firm and pricing, as well as his view that changes in quantities, rather than in prices, provide the important information to firms. It also outlines Lee's views on competition, and examines the three pricing doctrines Lee carefully analyzed—markup pricing (associated with Kalecki), normal-cost pricing or full-cost pricing (associated with Andrews), and target-return or administered pricing (associated with Means). The article then discusses the relationship between Lee and three strands of post-Keynesianism: Kaleckian, Sraffian and Eichnerian pricing theories. It explains why Lee objected to some features of each of these. The article concludes by discussing why, towards the end of his life, Lee felt (mistakenly) that his ideas had been dismissed by heterodox economists. 相似文献
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Individual users demand different quantities of a homogeneous good produced under variable returns. We describe the family of costsharing methods that allocate costs in proportion to demands when returns are constant, and commute with the additivity and composition of cost functions. Two simple such methods are average cost pricing and incremental costsharing. All other methods in the family combine elements of the average cost and incremental ones. Serial costsharing stands out prominently in the family, whereas the Shapley–Shubik method, and all values from the associated stand alone cooperative game, are excluded.Journal of Economic LiteratureClassification Numbers: D63, C71. 相似文献
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农村城镇化与生态环境协调发展研究 总被引:18,自引:0,他引:18
本文以浙江省鄞县为例,研究了农村城镇化进程及农村城镇化对农村经济发展的促进作用,提出了农村城镇化过程中存在的若干主要生态问题,并在剖析这些环境问题产生的原因的基础上,探讨了农村城镇化与生态环境协调发展的有效对策。 相似文献