军工科研单位组织模式探析

<正>军工科研单位是我国从事武器研发的主体,是我国国防实力和综合国力的重要支撑力量。军工科研单位的服务对象是国家和军队,相关技术均与国防密切相关,这就决定了其与传统企业在组织模式上的巨大差别。同时,其产品涉及不同的专业技术领域,具有研发周期长、经费投入大、内部协调要求多、组织管理十分复杂的特点。因此,只有建立合理的组织结构模式,才能保证产品研发的质量与进度。一、特点及存在的问题1.军工科研单位组织结构的特点军工科研单位一直以国家     

基于企业R＆D技术选择的合作研发组织博弈研究

企业进行R＆D技术选择的一个结果是渐进性创新，另一个结果是突破性创新。由于自身技术、能力、资源的限制，企业在进行这两种创新时大多采取合作研发组织模式。本文依据经济博弈理论，建立了数学模型，对合作研发组织的博弈行为进行了研究，阐明了企业进行合作研发的条件并设计了促进合作研发的策略，为实施合作研发战略的企业提供了理论上的依据。     

以优化组织结构为基础，为国有企业稳步向现代企业制度转变创造条件

按照党中央重新构造的国有企业改革模式，为了实现国有企业向现代企业制度的转变，根据现代企业制度的基本特征和要求，就我国大型钢铁企业转换经营机制而言，需要面临优化技术结构、产品结构、产权结构和组织结构等众多的难题，在这些难题中，首先应做好的基础工作应是组织结构的优化，这是符合我国大型钢铁企业实际状况的。     

美国硅谷三题

（一）硅谷兴盛时的“硅谷理念” １．商业是一个生态系统，不是战场。传统的思想认为商业是存在于公司、商店、群体和个人之间的一系列矛盾。而在硅谷，商业则被看作是一个生态系统，最与众不同的公司最可能繁荣。 ２．公司是团体，不是机器。传统的思想把组织看成一部机器，其中员工是设有名字的、能替换的齿轮。而在硅谷，公司则被看作一个团体，它的目的是实现每个成员个人的梦想。 ３．管理是服务，不是控制。传统的思想认为经理的工作是命令和指挥雇员。而在硅谷，经理的职责是设立目标，获得资源，使员工自由完成工作。 ４．雇员是平…     

关于航天企业模式的思考

从三个方面阐述了如何构造航天企业模式：（１）军民品分线，军品集中；（２）构造军品企业模式就要完善企业制度，严格按章办事，保障军品人员待遇，稳定军品队伍，加强科学管理，引进先进的管理手段，建设优秀的企业文化氛围，（３）构造民品企业模式就必须重新确立企业产权关系，建立新的企业组织制度，建立现代企业管理制度，建立精益生产的现代企业生产经营组织形式，营造现代航天企业文化。     

提升高新技术产业集群创新能力的制度思考

高新技术产业集群是一种网络产业组织,可以极大地提升集群内企业的创新能力。集群内技术创新扩散网络、大学等科研机构与企业间形成的网络以及模块化的研发组织模式是提高集群创新能力的网络组织因素。因此,政府的制度供给应着眼于培育高新技术产业集群内技术创新扩散网络、大学等科研机构与企业间形成的网络以及模块化研发组织的形成。     

硅谷管理体制的普遍意义

以“充分报酬”为基础的硅谷管理体制 　　近些年，许多人都在研究美国高科技园区硅谷突飞猛进的原因，人们容易认同的一点就是硅谷管理体制的优势──一种以“充分报酬”为基础的高度激励型的管理体制所独有的优势。 　　1．组织结构。硅谷是一个陌生人的世界，家庭关系简单，社区结构松散，是一个十分宽松的自由组织体系。在硅谷，人们对组织结构图几乎没有概念。谁都知道，比尔·盖茨和乔布斯两人都未读完大学，如果按照职称评定的要求，当初他们连工程师的资格都没有，但是他们创造了巨大财富。硅谷在组织风格上不讲究繁文缛节，这里到…     

从管理会计角度分析石油石化企业的研发支出

目前对于技术密集型、研发支出比例较大的石油石化企业的研发支出的会计处理，各国理论界和实务界都存在着较大的差异，如有“费用化”、“资本化”和“有条件资本化”等几种方法。文章阐述了研发支出在石油石化企业中的地位。并结合石油石化企业研发特征进行研发支出的财务会计处理方法比较，最后从管理会计角度，提出了利用作业成本法将石油石化企业研发支出予以成本化的观点，目的是使石油石化企业研发支出通过分摊到研发支出的最终服务的产品（油气和炼化产品）成本中去。从而有利于石油石化企业内部管理层更好的了解产品的真实成本，以便提高企业油气产品和炼化产品的成本管理水平。     

浅谈网络经济对传统企业模式的影响

一、网络经济对企业组织模式的影响传统企业的组织模式是典型的层级制度 ,主要是由管理层、中间层和执行层三部分组成。整个组织结构表现为垂直化形式 ,信息逐层传递 ,不仅传递周期长而且信息在传递中容易失真。而在网络经济时代 ,由于Ｉｎｔｅｒｎｅｔ在企业中普遍应用 ,使信息的传播更为快捷 ,管理层与执行层直接互通 ,这种形式便于管理指令的下达和执行结果的信息反馈 ,从而淡化了传统组织形式的中间层作用 ,组织结构趋向于扁平化 ,提高了企业的管理效率。另外 ,传统企业组织形式主要是按照工作职能细化和强调各职能部门之间的专业分工 ,…     

开放源代码创新模式探析:基于合作R&D的视角

开放源代码创新中,技术研发由志愿者通过网络合作完成,创新成果向所有人开放,对传统RD理论提出了挑战。本文通过建立合作RD模型,对开放源代码创新进行了研究,得到以下结论:(1)传统合作RD企业产品的替代性和企业之间的竞争对合作溢出效应有消散作用,抑制了企业的研发投资;(2)开放源代码产品的互补性使得企业(个人)研发支出与合作溢出形成正反馈,从而增加了研发投资和社会总福利。     

What factors determine the subsidiary mode of overseas R&D by developing-country MNEs? Empirical evidence from Chinese subsidiaries abroad

This study examines the determinants of the subsidiary modes of overseas research and development (R&D) by Chinese multinational enterprises (MNEs). Based on resource-based view and absorptive capabilities, we propose that financial resources and technological resources have different effects on the selection of overseas R&D subsidiary modes, which are competence-exploiting mode or competence-creating mode. This is supported by the empirical results in this paper using data from a survey of 40 Chinese overseas R&D subsidiaries. The results demonstrate that the parent firms with richer financial resources and more R&D expenses prefer the competence-exploiting mode, while the parent firms with more R&D personnel favor the competence-creating mode. Additionally, this study finds that firms matching our mode choice model tend to enjoy a higher level of innovative performance.     

Entry mode,organizational learning,and R&D in foreign affiliates: evidence from Japanese firms

This paper develops hypotheses concerning the role of entry mode and experience‐based organizational learning as determinants of the R&D intensity of foreign affiliates and tests these hypotheses on a sample of 420 Japanese manufacturing affiliates abroad. Entry mode has a major impact on R&D activities: the R&D intensities of acquired affiliates substantially exceed those in wholly owned greenfield affiliates, while the R&D intensities of minority owned ventures are higher if Japanese parent firms lack strong R&D capabilities at home. For greenfield operations, support is found for an incremental growth pattern of foreign R&D as a function of organizational learning and affiliate capability building. The results are consistent with the view that part of the explanation for Japanese firms' relative lack of involvement in overseas R&D must be sought in their status as ‘latecomers’ in the establishment of overseas manufacturing networks. At the same time, a number of Japanese firms have actively used foreign acquisitions and joint ventures to gain access to overseas technology and to establish overseas R&D capabilities at a faster pace. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

R&D capabilities,intellectual property strength and choice of equity ownership in cross-border acquisitions: evidence from BRICS acquirers in Europe

The aim of the study is to investigate two relatively underexplored factors, namely, the R&D (research and development) capabilities of target firms and the strength of intellectual property (IP) institutions in target economies, that influences the choice of equity ownership in cross border acquisitions (CBAs) undertaken by multinational enterprises (MNEs) from BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa) economies. They developed the key hypothesis on foreign market entry through CBAs by incorporating insights from transaction costs economics, the resource-based view and institutional theory to investigate the determinants of full versus partial equity ownership. Using logistic regression estimation methods to a sample of 111 CBA deals of BRICS MNEs in 22 European countries, it was found that BRICS MNEs were likely to pursue full rather than partial acquisition mode when target firms have high R&D capabilities. However, the greater the degree of strength of IP institutions in target economies and higher the target firms’ R&D capabilities, the more likely it is for BRICS MNEs to undertake partial, rather than, full acquisition mode. They provided interesting theoretical insights and managerial implications that might underlie some of the key findings on CBAs by emerging market MNEs.     

Innovation in multinational corporations: control and communication patterns in international R&D operations

This paper addresses issues of global innovation in multinational corporations by examining the patterns of communication and control in international R&D operations. Using a sample of 110 international R&D units from 15 multinational corporations, we identify three types of R&D unit role (local adaptor, international adaptor, international creator). We show that: (1) each type of R&D unit is managed primarily through a different mode of control; (2) local and international adaptors both focus their communication on their internal corporate network; and (3) international creators have strong internally and externally oriented networks of relationships. The implications for the management of global innovation are discussed. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于DEA模型的高技术产业R&D效率评价

作为创新的"孵化器",高技术产业的RD效率问题至关重要。从区域与行业交叉的视角出发,选取RD活动人员折合全时当量和RD经费内部支出作为投入指标,有效发明专利数和新产品销售收入作为产出指标,运用DEA模型研究了中国高技术产业5个行业在17个省市的RD活动效率,运用层次聚类分析对17个省市加以聚类。研究结果表明:中国高技术产业RD效率普遍偏低,没有任何一个省市的5个高技术产业均处于较高的RD效率上;区域间发展很不平衡,高技术产业行业差异比较明显;个别省市的5个高技术产业的RD效率都很低;传统"创新"大省RD效率并不突出,存在严重的资源浪费。针对存在的问题,从追求效率、追求精益、协同发展和加强政策引导等方面提出了对策与建议。     

The practice of R&D management: An empirical study of Korean firms

This paper presents an empirical study on the practice of R&D management in a Newly Industrializing Country, Korea. Based on a review of literature, a survey framework has been generated. The data were collected from 73 laboratories of Korean private companies through a structured questionnaire, via mail and additional telephone interviews in some cases. The major findings concerning R&D planning, R&D project management and evaluation, and R&D personnel management are described. In Korea, substantial efforts have been made in order to enhance the efficiency of R&D management, though the practice of R&D management is by now in the unstructured/flexible phase. Beyond this study, more detailed research on the R&D management of Newly Industrializing Countries is needed.     

跨国公司在华R&D机构的问卷调研——动机、职能与技术外溢渠道

本研究针对47家跨国公司在华R&D机构实施调研,运用7点Likert量表问卷获取第一手数据,通过因子分析、信度分析、聚类分析和Scheffe多重比较分析等统计方法,部分证实了“跨国公司R&D机构职能定位因R&D投资动机不同而存在差异”、“跨国公司R&D技术外溢渠道因R&D机构职能定位不同而存在差异”等两项研究假设。揭示出“全球技术型”R&D机构倾向于与本土机构开展研发合作,“技术转移型”R&D机构开展技术交流的意愿较低,“市场导向型”R&D机构对研发成本不敏感等检验结论,并在实证研究的基础上提出了相应的政策建议。     

企业R＆D商业化能力研究

知识经济的飞速发展凸显出技术创新的重要性，企业R＆D商业化能力作为企业技术创新能力的重要组成部分越来越被人们所重视。本文认为，企业R＆D商业化能力的强弱在很大程度上影响着R＆D投入的收益多少．企业可以从多个层次来改善其R＆D商业化的水平．不同的商业化途径对R＆D的盈利水平亦有着显著影响。企业应该重视其R＆D商业化能力的改善．因为．它为企业在技术创新活动中实现真正意义上的自主提供了必要的资源支持．是企业实现自主创新战略的必然选择。     

A NEW PERSPECTIVE ON INDUSTRY R&D AND MARKET STRUCTURE*

This paper aims to shed some new insights on the long‐debated and both extensively and intensively explored relationship between market concentration and industry R&D intensity. In order to do so, this study develops, from a classic Dorfman‐Steiner [1954] model of firm R&D, a model of industry R&D, where consumer preference over quality and price, R&D technology, and the joint distribution of firm‐specific technological competence and market share jointly determine the level of industry R&D intensity. The joint distribution term, which reflects both the underlying distribution of firms‐specific technological competence and the strength of its link with market share, suggests that the concentration‐R&D relationship differs depending on the strength of the link or simply the appropriability of R&D in terms of market share: A positive relationship is predicted for low‐appropriability industries, where market concentration supplements low R&D appropriability, while a negative or an inverted U‐shaped relationship for high‐appropriability industries. An empirical analysis of data, disaggregated at the five‐digit SIC level, on R&D and market concentration of Korean manufacturing industries provides supportive evidence for the predictions.     

Sunk Costs,Extensive R&D Subsidies and Permanent Inducement Effects

Using firm‐level data on Spanish manufacturing firms we estimate a model of the firm's optimal R&D decisions (whether to perform R&D and how much to invest). We quantify the fixed (proper fixed costs plus firms' outside option) and sunk costs of R&D and find the former to be substantially higher than the latter. While sunk costs act as a barrier to entry into R&D for some firms, fixed costs are the binding obstacle for many more firms. Simulation based on the estimated model reveals that one‐shot trigger subsidies cause a substantial increase in both the share of R&D firms and average R&D expenditures. This effect shows persistence over time, but totally fades away after seven years as firms are gradually hit by negative R&D profitability shocks.