产业关联、技术差距与外商直接投资的技术溢出

本文运用非均衡面板数据的广义矩估计,从产业关联和技术差距的角度考察了外商直接投资对中国纺织业的技术溢出效应.经验分析结论表明,外商直接投资主要通过水平关联和后向关联对纺织业内资企业产生溢出效应;外商直接投资是否通过水平关联促进内资企业生产效率的改善还取决于内外资企业间的技术差距,只有当内外资企业技术差距小于门限值时,外...     

Productivity gains,technology spillovers and trade: Indonesian manufacturing, 1980-96

The importance of R&D spillovers for productivity growth has been well documented in the literature. While studies in the developed country context have focused extensively on sectoral linkages, research on North-South spillovers has largely been confined to the aggregate level. This paper assesses the contribution of international R&D spillovers to manufacturing performance in Indonesia at the sectoral level. Drawing on OECD and Indonesian data sources, we consider two distinct phases: a phase characterised by intense policy regulation (1980-87), followed by a phase of liberalisation and reform (1988-96). Our results indicate that international technology spillovers made a significant contribution to the performance of Indonesian manufacturing, especially after liberalisation. The contribution of technology spillovers to productivity change is influenced by sectoral characteristics and industrial market structure.     

FDI研发溢出效应对内资企业劳动生产率影响研究——以广东机动车和电子业为例

本研究比较了FDI研发活动对广东本地机动车和电子企业劳动生产率的影响.在机动车业,FDI和本地组装企业对本地零件供应企业都具有垂直溢出效应;对于水平溢出效应,以销售额为权重的水平溢出效应使得本地内资企业劳动生产率提高,而零件供应业的FDI按照人力资本为权重的水平溢出效应并没有提高本地零件供应企业的劳动生产率,竞争者之间的水平溢出效应与存在互补关系双方的垂直溢出效应相比,相对较弱.对于电子业,垂直溢出效应较小,而无论是以销售额为权重还是以就业人员为权重,电子业的水平溢出效应都不显著.     

Economic Organization, Innovation Systems, and the Internet

How can public policy best promote successful innovation inthe Internet sector? This paper creates a typology of differenttypes of Internet software firms. Institutions associated withthe ‘Silicon Valley Model’ are a strong driver ofsuccess for some key Internet technologies. However, patternsof human-resource development and knowledge management varywidely across Internet technologies, necessitating the developmentof very different commitments between managers and employees.Institutional frameworks associated with ‘organized’economies, such as Germany or Japan, might provide superiortool-kits to help some types of Internet firms to innovate.Furthermore, our analysis suggests that the creation of institutionalincentives is not the only way to promote patterns of technologicallyintense innovation associated with Silicon Valley. Technologicalstrategies of dominant firms are often equally important. Regardlessof institutional environment, the development of entrepreneurialsoftware firms can be strongly influenced by the activitiesof large firms working within core network telecommunicationtechnologies.     

Trade regimes and spillover effects of FDI: Evidence from Uruguay

Trade Regimes and Spillover Effects of FDI: Evidence from Uruguay. — This paper examines differences in the character and impact of FDI entering Uruguay during import substitution, pursued until 1973, and the subsequent more outwardoriented trade regime. Regression analysis shows that the labor productivity of local firms is positively related to the presence of older import-substituting MNCs in their industry. The presence of foreign affiliates established after 1973 has no apparent impact on local productivity, but seems to raise the likelihood that local firms engage in exporting. This may be a sign of export spillovers, indicating that local firms may pick up some exportrelated skills from the operations of outward-oriented foreign MNCs.     

Technology spillovers from Chinese outward direct investment: The case of Ethiopia

The present study uses firm survey data of 1033 manufacturing firms operating in Ethiopia in 2011 to examine the impact of Chinese outbound direct investment on the productivity of domestic firms. Particularly, we attempt to answer two questions. Firstly, are Chinese-owned (henceforth foreign) firms more productive than local ones? Secondly, does the presence of foreign firms generate technology spillovers on domestic firms operating in the same industry? Our empirical results show that foreign firms are more productive and that their presence has different spillover effects on the productivity of domestic firms. In particular, we find that domestic firms with higher absorptive capacity experience positive spillovers, while those with low absorptive capacity witness negative spillover. We also find that small firms and non-exporting firms benefit more from spillovers than do other types of domestic firms. In this study, instrumental variables are used to address the potential endogeneity between foreign firm presence and domestic firm productivity.     

Is Exporting a Source of Productivity Spillovers?

This paper investigates whether exporting generates positive productivity spillover effects on other plants in the same industry and on plants in vertically related industries. Using data for Chilean manufacturing plants from 1990 to 1999, we find strong evidence that domestic as well as foreign-owned exporting plants improve productivity of local suppliers. We also find some evidence of horizontal spillovers from exporting but these are mainly generated by plants with foreign ownership. These results suggest that positive productivity spillovers are not only generated by the presence of foreign-owned exporting plants but also by exporting activity of domestic firms. The results are robust to controls for agglomeration of economic activity, the importance of non-exporting foreign-owned plants, and plant unobserved heterogeneity. JEL no.  F10, F23, O3, O54     

Are FDI spillovers regional? Firm-level evidence from China

This paper examines whether spillovers from FDI occur at the national or regional level, using firm-level census data for the Chinese manufacturing industry between 2000 and 2003. We find that FDI provides significant positive spillovers for the productivity of firms in the same industry, but these spillovers are likely to be regional; that is, domestic firms benefit more from the presence of foreign firms in the same sector within the same region. The backward and forward linkage effects of FDI are negative with significant regional disparity. The geographic distribution of FDI also influences spillovers, with an increase in FDI inflow to the top FDI recipient provinces increasing the forward linkage spillovers. Our empirical results also suggest that domestic firms differ significantly in the extent to which they benefit from FDI, though domestic firms with high absorptive capacity are more likely to benefit from FDI.     

Management Practices, Work--L ife Balance, and Productivity: A Review of Some Recent Evidence

Increasing product-market competition is believed to be a drivingforce behind higher productivity. However, even those criticsof globalization who accept this argument claim that there isa hard trade-off because tougher competition comes at the priceof reducing work—life balance (WLB). Optimists, by contrast,argue that competition can spur better WLB practices and thereforehigher productivity, so there is a ‘win—win’situation. To address this issue we use an innovative surveytool to collect the first international data on management practicesand WLB practices, surveying 732 medium-sized manufacturingfirms in the USA, France, Germany, and the UK. We find thatthe USA has the best management practices but the worst work—lifebalance. When we look within countries, however, we reject thepessimistic ‘trade-off’ model. First, WLB outcomesare significantly associated with better management, so thatwell-run firms are both more productive and offer better conditionsfor their employees. Second, tougher competition increases averagemanagement quality but does not negatively affect employees'working environment. As with many other studies, better WLBpractices are associated with significantly higher productivity.This relationship disappears, however, after controlling forthe overall quality of management. Footnotes ¹ E-mail addresses: nbloom{at}stanford.edu; j.vanreenen{at}lse.ac.uk     

The Evolving Accidental Information Super-Highway

The technology of the Internet is not static. Although its ‘end-to-end’architecture has made this ‘connection-less’ communicationssystem readily ‘extensible’, and highly encouragingto innovation both in hardware and software applications, thereare strong pressures for engineering changes. Some of theseare wanted to support novel transport services (e.g. voice telephony,real-time video); others would address drawbacks that appearedwith the opening of the Internet to public and commercial traffic—e.g.the difficulties of blocking delivery of offensive content,suppressing malicious actions (e.g. ‘denial of service’attacks), pricing bandwidth usage to reduce congestion. Theexpected gains from making improvements in the core of the networkshould be weighed against the loss of the social and economicbenefits that derive from the end-to-end architectural design.Even where technological ‘fixes’ can be placed atthe networks' edges, the option remains to search for alternative,institutional mechanisms of governing conduct in cyberspace.     

Foreign direct investment and productivity spillovers: Evidence from the Spanish experience

Foreign Direct Investment and Productivity Spillovers: Evidence from the Spanish Experience. — The aim of this paper is to analyse the impact of foreign direct investment (FDI) on firms’ productivity using a panel of Spanish manufacturing firms for the period 1990–1998. Firstly, we show that for countries, like Spain, that are undergoing significant structural changes over the period in question it is important to control for both time-invariant as well as time-variant sectoral characteristics. Secondly, we confirm previous findings that one needs to take into account the “absorptive capacity” of firms when considering whether they are able to avail of externalities associated with FDI presence. For the Spanish case we find that only firms with sufficient levels of such capacity experience positive spillovers.     

Does Foreign Direct Investment Affect the Growth of Local Firms？ The Case of China＇s Electrical and Electronics Industry

Does foreign direct investment(FDI) into developing countries affect the growth of local firms in host countries? Using a dataset of 38 sectors in China’s electrical and electronics industry,in this paper,we analyze whether FDI has a positive effect on local firms,with technology spillovers,added value and increasing total factor productivity,or a negative, market stealing,effect.Estimating the relationship between growth of local firms and investment of foreign firms,our results show that FDI is likely to have a negative impact on the growth of local firms in sectors with large disparities in technology and less experience in business.Therefore,local firms lacking in technology need to find markets with no competition from foreign firms or determine strategies to compensate technology disparities.     

Openness and total factor productivity in Swedish manufacturing, 1980–1995

Openness and Total Factor Productivity in Swedish Manufacturing, 1980–1995. — This paper studies the effect of openness on total factor productivity (TFP) growth. Using industry-level data for Swedish manufacturing from 1980 to 1995, the paper shows that integrated industries tend to be more engaged in R&D and have more entry and exit activity than other industries. The results show that domestic R&D intensity does not contribute to the TFP growth rate. Instead, openness to international markets, which helps facilitate technology spillovers, is an important factor. There is also some evidence that producers exiting the market are less productive, implying that such exits will increase the average productivity of the industry.     

Productivity spillovers from foreign multinationals and trade protection: firm‐level analysis of Vietnamese manufacturing

This paper examines how the presence of foreign multinational enterprises (MNEs) affects productivity in domestic private firms in Vietnamese manufacturing in 2005–10. The paper also examines how import protection has affected these productivity spillovers and how spillovers from wholly foreign MNEs and joint ventures differ. The most consistent result suggests wholly foreign MNEs impart negative spillovers while joint ventures tend to generate positive spillovers. Theory and random effects estimates also indicate that import protection reduces local firm productivity and weakens the effect of spillovers from all MNEs; but this result is not obtained when a fixed effects estimator is used. Results are similar in samples of labour‐intensive industries, which include close to three fourths of all sample firms, but differ markedly for more capital‐intensive groups.     

FDI技术溢出、协同创新及其互动对制造业技术升级的影响

基于2010—2018年中国制造业上市公司与地级市的匹配数据，实证分析FDI技术溢出和协同创新及两者互动对制造业技术升级的作用，并进一步检验了不同企业所有制和产业类型下的异质性影响。研究发现，FDI技术溢出和企业间协同创新能显著促进制造业技术升级且形成积极交互效应，而产学研协同创新对技术升级的作用不显著，尚未与FDI技术溢出形成合力；在国有企业和技术密集型行业，FDI技术溢出与企业间协同创新的交互效应更为显著。     

The New Economy in Europe, 1992-2001

Despite the fast catching up in the diffusion of informationand communication technologies (ICT) experienced by most EUcountries in the last few years, information technologies haveso far delivered few productivity gains in Europe. In the secondhalf of the past decade, the growth contributions from ICT capitalrose in six EU countries only (the UK, Denmark, Finland, Sweden,Ireland, and Greece). Unlike in the USA, this has not generallybeen associated with higher labour or total factor productivity(TFP) growth rates, the only exceptions being Ireland and Greece.Particularly worrying, the large countries in Continental Europe(Germany, France, Italy, and Spain) showed stagnating or mildlydeclining growth contributions from ICT capital, together withdefinite declines in TFP growth compared to the first half ofthe 1990s. It looks as though the celebrated ‘Solow paradox’on the lack of correlation between ICT investment and productivitygrowth has fled the USA and come to Europe.     

'Successes' and 'Failures' in the Markets for Technology

Market-mediated contracts for technology trade are bound byseveral transaction costs. This paper argues that as these transactioncosts become less severe, markets for technology can help improvethree market failures: (i) R&D duplications; (ii) externalitiesin potentially public R&D outcomes; and (iii) deviationsfrom marginal cost pricing in the downstream product markets.In addition, with larger markets of potential users, the technologysuppliers will have incentives to produce more ‘general’technologies which span a wider number of firms or industries.Markets for technology also produce new failures. In particular,they induce deviation from marginal cost pricing in the saleof the technology, and they generate externalities associatedwith complementary R&D and other investments made by theindependent buyers and suppliers that operate in them. The paperconcludes by discussing policy implications.     

Spillovers,Complementarities, and Sorting in Labor Markets with an Application to Professional Sports

Spillovers to productivity across workers may exist when workers produce in teams. Under certain conditions, these spillovers may cause a worker's marginal product to differ across different firms. Empirical examination of professional basketball finds significant spillovers to offensive productivity but finds relatively little evidence for market sorting based on spillovers. Thus, while teammate composition is important to a player's success, there is no evidence for complementarity.     

Free Trade Agreements and the SADC Economies

Countries in southern Africa have engaged in a variety of tradeliberalisation initiatives such as the European Union (EU)–SouthAfrica Free Trade Agreement (FTA), the EU's ‘Everythingbut Arms’ (EBA) initiative to eliminate trade barriersagainst imports from the least developed countries and a potentialFTA among Southern African Development Community (SADC) countries.In this paper we use a multi-country computable general equilibrium(CGE) model to analyse the impact of trade liberalisation inthe region. First, we analyse the FTA between South Africa andthe EU. Then, we consider how the rest of southern Africa mightrespond: (i) by enforcing an SADC FTA; (ii) by exploiting theadvantages of unilateral access to the EU in addition to anSADC FTA; and (iii) by entering an FTA with the EU and otherSADC countries. The scenarios are ordered such that the SADCcountries pursue increased trade liberalisation. We find thatunder all FTA arrangements the increased total imports fromFTA partners exceeds the reduction in imports from non-FTA partners— the FTAs examined are all net trade creating. Some SADCeconomies are slightly hurt by the FTA between the EU and SouthAfrica, while others gain slightly. Overall, the agreement isnot a beggar-thy-neighbour policy. We also find that unilateralaccess to the EU is more beneficial for SADC countries thanan SADC FTA because the SADC countries trade more with the EUthan with each other. However, reciprocal reforms under an EU–SADCFTA dominate unilateral access to the EU because they requiremore structural adjustment in the SADC countries. Finally, wefind that South Africa is not large enough to serve as a growthpole for the region. Access to EU markets provides substantiallybigger gains for the other SADC countries than access to SouthAfrica.     

Higher productivity in importing German manufacturing firms: self-selection, learning from importing, or both?

This paper uses a newly available comprehensive panel data set for manufacturing enterprises from 2001 to 2005 to document the first empirical results on the relationship between imports and productivity for Germany, a leading actor on the world market for goods. Furthermore, for the first time the direction of causality in this relationship is investigated systematically by testing for self-selection of more productive firms into importing, and for productivity-enhancing effects of imports (‘learning-by-importing’). We find a positive link between importing and productivity. From an empirical model with fixed enterprise effects that controls for firm size, industry, and unobservable firm heterogeneity we see that the premia for trading internationally are about the same in West and East Germany. Compared to firms that do not trade at all two-way traders do have the highest premia, followed by firms that only export, while firms that only import have the smallest estimated premia. We find evidence for a positive impact of productivity on importing, pointing to self-selection of more productive enterprises into imports, but no clear evidence for the effect of importing on productivity due to learning-by-importing.