收入差距与公共财政政策:人力资本投资差异的形成与演变

人力资本投资的需求受到经济个体的时间偏好、生产能力与预期收益率等因素的影响。同时,收入差距和公共财政政策都会影响到人力资本投资供给曲线的变动。这造成了不同个体之间在人力资本投资上的差异,产生了他们之间的人力资本差距和收入差距。我国现行的公共财政政策已经成为收入差距快速增长的重要原因。     

CASH TRANSFERS,INTERGENERATIONAL MOBILITY,AND THE PROCESS OF DEVELOPMENT

We examine how cash transfers affect an individual's education investment, intergenerational mobility, and economic growth. We find that providing larger transfer amounts to higher ability children is desirable to foster growth if the economy has relatively low wage inequality.     

人力资本与企业组织结构:一个初步模型

20世纪90年代以来,企业组织结构扁平化趋势与企业内部人力资本水平提高趋势并存。人力资本水平的提高会导致组织结构的扁平化,并且有助于提高组织交流效率。企业人力资本水平的持续提高将进一步促使企业组织结构朝扁平化方向发展。     

最低工资标准、人力资本扩张与企业成本加成

本文以人力资本扩张为切入点,构建了最低工资、人力资本扩张影响企业成本加成的理论框架,并使用中国1998-2013年284个地级市的工业企业数据进行了经验研究。结论显示:最低工资上调会显著抑制企业成本加成的提升,削弱了企业的市场势力,但该抑制效应在人力资本扩张的背景下得以缓解。同时本文通过进一步分组回归发现,最低工资标准与人力资本扩张对企业成本加成具有明显的异质性影响。因此,适度、稳定调整最低工资标准及推动人力资本质量的整体提升有助于保持企业成本加成能力及其动态竞争力。     

最低工资标准、人力资本扩张与企业成本加成*

本文以人力资本扩张为切入点，构建了最低工资、人力资本扩张影响企业成本加成的理论框架，并使用中国1998-2013年284个地级市的工业企业数据进行了经验研究。结论显示：最低工资上调会显著抑制企业成本加成的提升，削弱了企业的市场势力，但该抑制效应在人力资本扩张的背景下得以缓解。同时本文通过进一步分组回归发现，最低工资标准与人力资本扩张对企业成本加成具有明显的异质性影响。因此，适度、稳定调整最低工资标准及推动人力资本质量的整体提升有助于保持企业成本加成能力及其动态竞争力。     

论中国转轨模式的普适性——关于经济转轨过程的一个人力资本理论

中国经济的成功转轨引起了学术界关于中国转轨模式普适性的讨论。许多学者认为,中国转轨的成功是偶然的,不具有普适性,但本文认为,从人力资本积累角度分析,渐进式改革更适合经济转轨国家,因此中国转轨模式具有普适性。     

基于技能互补性的劳动力迁移与人力资本地区集中

由于劳动力的异质性,不同技能劳动力之间的合作和互补可以获得递增收益.客观存在的技能互补性导致了劳动力迁移与人力资本地区集中之间内生性的累积循环,这个循环的动态结果是劳动力持续向人力资本集中地区流动,人力资本存量的地区差异随之扩大.利用第五次全国人口普查数据进行的实证分析表明,迁移的人力资本地区集中效应的确存在.     

城市人力资本投入系统及空间结构研究--以山东省为例

从区域经济学角度建立了城市人力资本投入系统,该系统由投资主体、配置实施、积累三个子系统构成。并以山东省地级市为例,分析了城市人力资本投入的空间结构特征及形成机制。     

城乡户籍与人力资本收益——基于广东省截面数据的观察

利用广东省各地区制造业企业劳动力情况的4443个样本截面调研数据,分析城乡户籍就业劳动力人力资本回报情况.研究表明,在社会主义市场经济改革进程中,行政权力和市场力量常常以不同的结合形态相互交织在一起,通过不同的方式改变着劳动力在户籍方面的结构特征和劳动力市场条件,从而决定着当前城乡户籍就业人力资本回报的基本格局及其变化路径.各地区户籍分组的人力资本收益率的变化显著存在差异,劳动力流动和劳动力培训在广东省的市场化收益体现得还不是很明显,尤其是劳动合同的签订情况是在劳动力市场合约谈判和履行中特别需要关注的一个问题.     

INFRASTRUCTURE,PUBLIC EDUCATION AND GROWTH WITH CONGESTION COSTS

This paper studies the implications of education quality for the optimal allocation of public expenditure in a simple endogenous growth model with mandatory schooling and infrastructure spillovers. Education quality is inversely related to the degree of congestion in schools, which is itself measured in two ways: the proportions of teachers and students in the population, and the ratio of government spending on education to teaching capacity. The balanced‐growth path is derived and the transitional dynamics associated with an increase in the degree of congestion are analysed. The growth‐maximizing share of government spending on education is shown to depend negatively on the congestion parameter. Policy implications for the ‘quantity versus quality’ debate in schooling are also discussed.     

区域关联视角下的人力资本与地区经济发展*

本文通过空间拓展卢卡斯（Lucas）模型的生产函数,讨论了区域关联视角下人力资本与地区经济发展的互动关系。主要结论为：（1）相同劳动力在人力资本总量更高的地区享有更高的收入;（2）人力资本总量的增加能提高地区实际产出,而其均量的提高能提升地区产出潜力;（3）综合考虑辐射效应和转移费用,经济高地的人力资本转出会优先惠及邻近地区。空间计量的实证还表明,人力资本对地区经济增长的区域间交叉影响正在加强,且其均量而非总量是造成地区间经济差异的主因。     

中国农村劳动力返乡:基于人力资本回报的理论和实证分析

本文借鉴刘易斯二元经济发展模型和托达罗模型,构造了农村劳动力两阶段迁移理论模型,理论分析表明,农村劳动力返乡是理性选择,原因是其人力资本回报在欠发达地区要高于发达地区。随后,本文利用2007年5月调查获得的中西部70个县2353位返乡农村劳动力数据,利用改进后明瑟尔收入模型,比较这个群体在发达地区与欠发达地区的人力资本回报率,验证了理论模型的分析结论。     

外商群体投资(FGI)、外向配套与地方经济发展——以浙江省为例

以昆山为例,对外商群体投资、外向配套与地方经济发展的关系进行了定性与定量分析。通过Granger因果检验和两个回归模型的对比分析发现,在一定程度上,外商群体投资是影响地方外向配套的原因,外商群体投资对地方经济的影响是通过外向配套来进行的。其政策含义是地方政府如果不能在外商群体投资与内资企业间建立一个有效的联系通道,则外商群体投资并不能有效地促进地方经济的发展。     

THE IMPACT OF GREATER AUTONOMY ON EFFICIENCY OF WORK AND QUALITY OF SERVICES IN PUBLIC SERVICE PROVIDERS: A CASE OF VOCATIONAL EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS

ABSTRACT: The paper analyses impact of greater autonomy on efficiency of work and quality of services in public service institutions. Autonomy is one of the key principles of New Public Management that, according to the theory, increases performance in public service providers. However this assumption has been scarcely researched in practice. To narrow this gap, the experimental reform that implemented greater managerial and financial autonomy in 13 Lithuanian state vocational schools was chosen for research. In order to analyse the impact of autonomy after the reform, maximally similar institutions (those that underwent the reform and that did not) are compared using quantitative (incl. counterfactual analysis) and qualitative methods. The results indicate that institutions that have been reformed tend to have better efficiency and quality of services, even though this relationship is not causal. Moreover, the research challenges the notion that such results came from greater autonomy. Finally, the logic of the NPM of as to why more autonomous institutions perform better is also challenged.     

资本深化、资源配置效率与全要素生产率：来自小企业的发现*

关于资本深化促进生产率提升、资源错配导致企业全要素生产率低下的问题，学术界基于大中型企业的研究已基本达成共识，而针对小企业研究较少。本文构建三者之间的理论模型，并基于江苏省小企业数据进行实证检验。研究发现，资本深化对资源配置效率的影响呈现倒U型，而与生产率为U型关系。资本深化程度较低或较高的企业改善资源配置效率可以促进生产率提升，而中等水平的企业呈现抑制效应。这在小规模企业、低技术行业中更加明显。小企业面对劳动工资、利率水平上涨，其资源配置效率被抑制，但是能够提升企业生产率。本文的政策启示是政府在支持中小企业投融资的同时，对中小企业人才和用工政策应予以更多支持。     

INVESTMENT BEHAVIOUR,CORPORATE CONTROL,AND PRIVATE BENEFITS OF CONTROL: EVIDENCE FROM A SURVEY OF UKRAINIAN FIRMS

We analyse the impact of ownership and corporate control on firms’ investment using the 2001 survey of Yacoub et al. on Ukrainian firms. The model explains investment by output, financial and soft budget constraints, and corporate control (and ownership) categories potentially enjoying private benefits of control. We find that the corporate control model fits better than the ownership model, a negative relationship between state and employee control and firms’ investment, and evidence for the presence of soft budget constraints. A negative relationship between firms’ investment and the relative size of non‐monetary transactions strengthens the conclusion of private benefits of control impacting investment.     

A Kaleckian Perspective on Financialisation and Distribution in Three Main Eurozone Countries before and after the Crisis: France,Germany and Spain

The purpose of this article is twofold. First, we examine if, and to what extent, a general Kaleckian analysis of the potential effects of financialisation on income shares in advanced capitalist economies is of relevance for the three Eurozone countries under investigation—France, Germany and Spain—in the period before the recent financial and economic crisis. Second, we study changes in the financialisation–distribution nexus that have occurred in the course of and after the financial and economic crisis. We find that the countries examined here have shown broad similarities regarding redistribution before the crisis, although there are some differences in the underlying determinants. These differences have continued during the period after the crisis and have led to different results in the development of distribution since then.