信仰在空中飘

就像你到了成都必须进茶馆,到了内蒙古必须去草原,到了北京必须逛胡同一样,在拉萨,你如果不去大昭寺广场上悠闲地晒一天太阳,那么你就不算真正到过拉萨。 于是,我一大早就和客栈里的几个驴子去大昭寺广场上喝甜茶晒太阳。 拉萨这个时候的阳光正好,暖暖地洒下来照在身上,仿佛骨头都在这日光之中慢慢地柔软下来了。身边是来往的人群,我们盘腿坐在地上,静止于他们的涌动之中。     

西藏朝佛之旅（三）：声威显赫的黄教最大寺院哲蚌寺

今天上午1O点多,我们在朝拜完大昭寺之后,乘车前往拉萨以西10公里处的哲蚌寺供养朝礼。     

西藏朝佛之旅（二）：大昭寺，世间无与伦比的圣寺

无上至宝佛祖十二岁等身像多年前就听闻过这样的说法:到西藏而没有参观布达拉宫,等于没有到西藏;到拉萨而不去朝拜大昭寺觉卧佛像,等于没有到拉萨朝圣。     

西藏朝佛之旅(四)声威显赫的黄教最大寺院哲蚌寺

今天上午10点多,我们在朝拜完大昭寺之后,乘车前往拉萨以西10公里处的哲蚌寺供养朝礼。据介绍:"哲蚌"意为"米聚",象征繁荣,全称汉语译为"吉祥米聚十万尊胜洲"。作为整个藏区格鲁派六大寺院中最大的寺院,哲蚌寺过去定编喇嘛人数即达7700人,实际上超过一万名喇嘛,过去蒙古及甘肃、青海、四川等藏区来拉萨学经的喇嘛,大多在哲蚌寺。这座大寺,是于公元141 6年,由宗喀巴大师的弟子绛央却杰·扎西贝丹(意为     

浅析拉萨旅游业发展现状及规划

以古城旅游、创意旅游、节庆旅游、城郊旅游、度假旅游和风景道旅游为旅游载体,将拉萨(七县一区)打造具有高原特色和民族特色的国际旅游目的地,实现拉萨旅游的"生态化、民族化、国际化"是拉萨旅游业发展方向。但旅游业发展始终是离不开科学的规划,否则将严重制约和影响拉萨旅游业发展,本文就拉萨当前旅游业现状及发展规划方面的问题进行分析和探讨。     

西藏朝佛之旅(三)大昭寺,世间无与伦比的圣寺

今天下午6点钟,我们依约准时来到大昭寺侧门口,正式向大昭寺布施、供斋。在寺中喇嘛的引导下,我们先从侧院上到主殿的二楼,又从二楼平台下到一楼天井,穿过黑黑的甬道,进到寺院最重要的祖拉康(即大经堂),直接来到觉卧佛殿。因为已关了大门,朝拜群众不能再进来,只有先进来的五六名群众等候在装了铁栅栏的觉卧佛殿外。因为事先做好     

神奇西藏·拉萨珍品——西藏(拉萨)商品大集

10月21日-10月30日,以"神奇西藏·拉萨珍品"为主题的2011北京"西藏(拉萨)商品大集"在北京金源新燕莎MALL一层举办。活动由拉萨市人民政府、西藏自治区商务厅和北京市商务委员会共同主办。神奇西藏·拉萨珍品西藏自治区位于中国的西南边疆,青藏高原的西南部。拉萨市是西藏自治区的首府,是全区政治、经济、文化和     

浅析拉萨藏传佛教表层文化旅游体验——一种“身、心、神”的视角

拉萨藏传佛教表层文化包括拉萨的佛教寺院建筑艺术和佛教礼仪等。选用一种"身、心、神"的视角,探讨拉萨藏传佛教表层文化旅游体验实质是澄清旅游者体验拉萨的佛教建筑等表层文化之过程。其过程呈现出三个层次,即以"身"把握"表象"的初级体验;以"心"把握"概念"的中级体验;以"神"把握"境界"的完美体验。     

神奇西藏·拉萨珍品——西藏（拉萨）商品大集

10月21日-10月30日，以“神奇西藏-拉萨珍品”为主题的2011北京“西藏（拉萨）商品大集”在北京金源新燕莎MALL一层举办。活动由拉萨市人民政府、西藏自治区商务厅和北京市商务委员会共同主办。     

拉萨旅游产品开发的共生分析

在目前拉萨旅游产品开发过程中,宗教旅游正逐渐成为旅游供给部门以及外地旅游者的共同甚至唯一认知.针对这种单一化倾向,文章立足共生理论,对拉萨旅游产品深度与广度开发的共生环境、共生单元、共生模式进行系统分析,提出拉萨旅游产品开发中的“共生进化”发展模式.研究结果对于拉萨旅游资源的深度挖掘、游客满意度的提升、旅游竞争力的提高具有一定的现实意义.     

INSIDER TRADING: THE LAW, THE THEORY, THE EVIDENCE

This paper reviews the arguments concerning the role and effects of insider trading. In reviewing the law of insider trading, we concentrate on the main elements of the regulatory framework and court interpretations. We discuss economic issues involved in the debate over the benefits and costs of insider trading. Finally, we discuss evidence illustrating that legal market research can explain much of the runup in a target firm's stock price before a tender offer is formally announced.     

THE LIQUIDITY TRAP,THE REAL BALANCE EFFECT,AND THE FRIEDMAN RULE*

This article studies the behavior of the economy and the efficacy of monetary policy under zero nominal interest rates using a model with population growth that nests, as a special case, the conventional specification in which there is a single infinitely lived representative agent. The article shows that with a growing population, monetary policy has distributional consequences that give rise to a real balance effect, thereby eliminating the liquidity trap. These same distributional effects, however, can also work to make many agents much worse off under zero nominal interest rates than they are when the nominal interest rate is positive.     

THE PRICE LEVEL, THE QUANTITY THEORY OF MONEY, AND THE FISCAL THEORY OF THE PRICE LEVEL

This paper examines price‐level determination from the perspective of portfolio choice. Arbitrages among money balances, bonds, and investment goods determine their relative demands. Returns to real balance holdings and after‐tax returns to investment goods determine the relative values of nominal and real assets. Because expectations of government policies ultimately determine the expected returns to both nominal and real assets, the price level depends on interactions among current and expected future monetary and fiscal policies. The quantity theory and the fiscal theory emerge as special cases produced by restricting both the margins and the policies considered.     

THE EXCHANGE RATE IN THE JAPANESE ECONOMY: THE PAST,PUZZLES, AND PROSPECTS*

Selected topics in the literature on the exchange rate, in particular the yen, are reviewed from the viewpoint of some academic/practical puzzles. A survey is provided of past work covering use of the yen on PPP, covered and uncovered interest rate parity, the unbiasedness of expected future exchange rates, volatility spillover across borders and the effectiveness of intervention. The role of the yen in the international financial structure and its future role in global and regional financial markets are discussed.     

THE NON‐TRADED SECTOR,LOBBYING, AND THE CHOICE BETWEEN THE CUSTOMS UNION AND THE COMMON MARKET

This paper models immigration policy as the outcome of political competition between interest groups representing individuals employed in different sectors. In standard positive theory, restrictive immigration policy results from a low‐skilled median voter voting against predominantly low‐skilled immigration. In the present paper, in contrast, once trade policies are liberalized, restrictive immigration policy results from anti‐immigration lobbying by interest groups representing the non‐traded sectors. It is shown that this is in line with empirical regularities from recent episodes of restrictive immigration legislation in the European Union. It is further shown that if governments negotiate bilaterally over trade and migration policy regimes, the equilibrium regime depends (i) on the sequencing of the international negotiation process and (ii) on the set of available trade and migration policy regimes. In particular, the most comprehensive and most welfare‐beneficial type of liberalization may be rejected only because a less comprehensive type of liberalization is available.     

TRUST GAMES, THE MORAL OF THE STORY

Abstract.  This paper applies moral principles, along the line of Kant and Rawls, to explain other-regarding behaviour in laboratory trust games. I develop a framework similar to that of Charness & Rabin (2000) and test the predictions of moral decision that are based on Rawls's allocation principles of equity, efficiency and merits. Three experimental designs for the three principles are carried out. Predictions that are based on equity and efficiency receive strong supports while prediction that is based on merits receive only weak support.     

THE PRIMARY, SECONDARY, TERTIARY AND QUATERNARY SECTORS OF THE ECONOMY

The recognition of differences among the major sectors of the economy, such as agriculture, commerce, or manufacturing, has a considerable tradition in economic thinking. Also, there is evidence that important national and international predicaments of our time are closely related to sectoral-structural developments. Yet economists in the developed countries are often disinclined to study the shifts among the megasectors.
This paper suggests that an intensified study of the topic may be profitable. In order to support this proposition it first reflects on the traditions of sectoral emphasis in literature. Second, it considers the evidence for the ascendancy of the quaternary activities. Third, it deals with the input-output relations among the four megasectors of the economy. Thereafter it points to the emergence of potential inefficiencies among quaternary activities and raises the possibility of a megasector misequilibrium. Finally it outlines certain connections to the thoughts of Leontief and Sraffa; considers services in the neoclassical framework; explores the relationships to institutional thought; and ponders the extension of its basic hypothesis to the developing nations, the socialist countries, and to historical analysis.     

THE ROLE OF INSTITUTIONS IN THE REVIVAL OF TRADE: THE LAW MERCHANT, PRIVATE JUDGES, AND THE CHAMPAGNE FAIRS

A good reputation can be an effective bond for honest behavior in a community of traders if members of the community know how others have behaved in the past – even if any particular pair of traders meets only infrequently. In a large community, it would be impossibly costly for traders to be perfectly informed about each other's behavior, but there exist institutions that can restore the effectiveness of a reputation system using much less extensive information. The system of judges used to enforce commercial law before the rise of the state was such an institution, and it successfully encouraged merchants (1) to behave honestly, (2) to impose sanctions on violators, (3) to become adequately informed about how others had behaved, (4) to provide evidence against violators of the code, and (5) to pay any judgments assessed against them, even though each of these behaviors might be personally costly.