Foreign Capital and Development Strategy in Irish Industrialization, 1958–70

A bstract . In the 1930s the government of the Irish Republic instituted an import substitution economic development strategy to diversify economic activity. This potential was later exhausted. In 1958 a new strategy was adopted, emphasizing the use of foreign capital and reliance on the external market. It yielded many benefits, detailed in this paper, but involved a number of shortcomings associated with multinational corporations when they operate in less developed countries. These are specified. Current policy since 1973 seeks to mobilize local resources and promises mitigation of some of the problems. But it is not adequate to reduce some of the central problems arising from the reliance on foreign capital.     

No Mangoes in the Tundra: Spatial Heterogeneity in Agricultural Productivity Analysis*

In line with the wider macro productivity literature existing studies of agricultural production largely neglect technology heterogeneity, variable time‐series properties and the potential for heterogeneous but correlated total factor productivity (TFP) across countries. Our empirical approach accommodates these difficulties and seeks to model the nature of the cross‐section dependence in a sample of 128 countries (1961–2002). Our results suggest that agro‐climatic environment drives similarity in TFP evolution across countries with heterogeneous production technology. This provides a possible explanation for the failure of technology transfer from advanced countries of the temperate ‘North’ to arid and/or equatorial developing countries of the ‘South’.     

Book review of Economic Geography of Higher Education: Knowledge Infrastructure and Learning Regions. Edited by ROEL RUTTEN,FRANS BOEKEMA and ELSA KUIJPERS (London: Routledge, 2003). [Pp. 258]

This paper focuses on the growing aspect of entrepreneurship associated with lifestyle-induced migration from wealthy countries, through investigating self-employment among expatriates from northern Europe in rural areas of southern France and Spain. Most expatriates had no prior experience of entrepreneurship and typically established their business opportunistically and some time after arrival. Based upon interviews with 41 expatriate households (operating 70 business ventures), the study explores the characteristics of the individuals involved, the nature of their businesses, factors influencing start-up, and processes and patterns of business development. Self-employment is shown to be the most effective available mechanism for supporting lifestyle objectives of expatriates who vary greatly in their skills, experience and resources. The study identifies significant differences between the respective groups from the two countries, reflecting the spatially differentiated character of migration in terms of age, education, qualifications and capital resources. These appear to have given rise to a more sophisticated profile of businesses in the French areas. Sharp differences in language skills as between the different countries are seen as influencing the ability of entrepreneurs to network with, and market to, the indigenous population, with implications for the future development of the businesses, and their local impact. The study seeks to augment standard conceptual approaches to entrepreneurship, through taking account of the primacy of the migration decision and specific related processes, and proposes a model that advances our understanding of the phenomenon.     

Industrial relations and the management of flexibility: factors shaping developments in Spain and the United Kingdom

Any analysis of workforce flexibility within particular countries needs to take account not only of the character of industrial relations and union organization at workplace and company levels, but also of how actions at those levels are influenced by broader regulatory arrangements covering employment and work practices. In other words, to avoid the over-simplifications and over-generalizations which much of the flexibility debate has in the past been (correctly) accused of and to expand the analysis offered by the relatively broad-brush, multi-country studies, it is necessary to locate issues of flexibility more securely within both existing national regulatory and institutional frameworks, and also to take account of patterns of union organization and job regulation at the local level, and the ways unions and workforces have responded to (and at times even shaped) different flexibility initiatives by employers. By analysing different types of enterprise in Spain and the United Kingdom, this article seeks to illustrate the role and significance of these factors for the particular development of workforce flexibility in the two countries.     

以社会需求为导向的艺术设计教育新模式探索

随着经济的发展、科学技术的不断更新,艺术设计人才越来越受到社会的重视,艺术设计教育与社会需求之间的关系日趋重要。从某种意义上讲,能否适应社会需求已经成为检验艺术设计教育成功与否的尺度。艺术设计教育必须从经济、技术、信息等各种社会需求关系中认真思考,明确教学重点与自身位置,推进艺术设计教育教学改革,以培养出适应社会需求与经济发展的有用之才。     

Linear production function,externalities and indeterminacy in a capital-resource growth model

This paper investigates the equilibrium growth dynamics of an economy whose production is based on natural resources and which seeks to maximize welfare to the local community. This involves determining the optimal trajectories of consumption in the local area and the use of the environmental resource. Economic dynamics are affected by negative environmental externalities which are explicitly included as unfavourable effects in a linear production function. The analysis shows the existence of local and global indeterminacy.     

Municipal corporatization in Germany and Italy

Abstract

During the last few years, the local government sector in European countries has undergone a number of important changes. Among the various reform initiatives has been the externalization of public services, such as corporatization, contracting-out, public–private partnerships and privatization. The key goal of this article is to describe and explain the evolution of local public services provision in the two selected countries, with a particular focus on ‘corporatization’. The article seeks to draw a picture of the actual municipal landscape with the administrative core and its various corporations. Furthermore, it will discuss the reasons for corporatization trends and their impact on the corporate governance structures of municipalities in Germany and Italy.     

New technology,human resources and competitiveness in developing countries: the role of technology transfer

Technology transfer is widely seen as an important means by which developing countries can both acquire the technologies and develop the human resources needed to compete internationally. However, there are different types of technology transfer which may stimulate or inhibit local human resource development. Foreign direct investment may inhibit local human resource development unless the foreign partner is committed to the indigenous enterprise becoming internationally competitive. Technology transfer through licensing and off-the shelf purchase allows greater indigenous management autonomy which, together with the more direct exposure to international competitive forces, may be more conducive to indigenous human resource development.     

A 'Basic Needs' Strategy for Development of Technology in Low Income Countries.

Abstract . The ‘basic needs’ strategy in development planning calls for giving priority to meeting minimum human needs and providing certain essential public services. This investigations studies its relevancy for developing technology and change in low income countries. It advances the case for an operationally-oriented basic needs concept for technology in such countries. It outlines a simplified planning model incorporating such a strategy. Eight equations are developed to yield an illustrative preliminary function showing the basic needs technology interacting with a structure of production, consumption and accumulation.     

标准化战略与经济全球化研究

随着经济全球化的发展,国与国之间的经济交往、技术交流逐渐打破原有的界线,形成全球范围的大生产和大流通。标准不仅是企业之间的竞争,更是国与国之间的竞争。标准,已成为世界各地通用的一种技术语言,尤其是国际标准已成为国际贸易有效规则的一部分和产品质量仲裁的准则。国际上的标准化组织和一些工业发达国家为了在国际标准化活动中争取主动权、发言权,反映本国的要求,体现本国的利益,开始制定并实施标准化战略,全球形成了一股标准化战略热。文章详细分析了经济全球化的特征和表现,提出了标准化战略是经济全球化强有力的技术支撑和管理工具,成为企业跨国经营、产品跨国生产、商品和资源跨国流动及世界范围技术交流的规则和准则。     

Local Venturing as Compassion Organizing in the Aftermath of a Natural Disaster: The Role of Localness and Community in Reducing Suffering

In contrast to models of compassion within existing organizations, this grounded theory study examines how ventures emerge relying on localness and community in direct response to ‘opportunities’ to alleviate suffering in the aftermath of a natural disaster. While a natural disaster is a surprising disruptive event devastating a local community, that local community is nested within a broader community, which can be a source of abundant resources. Ventures created in the aftermath of a natural disaster, given local knowledge and unencumbered by pre‐existing systems, procedures, and capabilities, are highly effective at connecting the broader community with the local community through customizing resources to meet victims' needs and to quickly delivering these resources to alleviate suffering.     

地方工科高校现代工业培训基地建设的实践与思考

新形势下,培养适应社会需要的应用性复合型高级专门人才已成为地方工科院校人才培养的核心目标,而在有限的教育资源条件下建设符合应用性人才培养需要的现代工业实训基地成为地方工科院校关注的焦点。笔者从教育学的视野对此问题进行探索,认为地方工科院校工业实训基地建设必须以现代教育理念为指导,以现代工程为背景,以就业趋向为培训方向,以培养高级应用性人才为主导,通过校内实验中心、实习基地和工业培训中心的资源组合,创建能够覆盖机械、电子、信息、计算机等技术相互糅合的现代工业培训中心。在此基础上,综合地区高校培训资源,加强校企合作,在政府的规划和指导下,创建校内、校外工业培训资源共享机制,建立地区性综合培训中心,使其成为学生现代工业培训的重要基地。     

基于虚拟化技术的校园网站群平台设计

随着信息化进程在我校推进,校园网站群日益庞大,一方面服务器资源和管理维护的需求在不断膨胀,一方面是硬件资源的利用率却持续低下,针对日趋严重的矛盾,笔者分析研究了虚拟化技术,根据校园网服务现状,规划设计了基于虚拟化技术的网站群平台。     

Researching expatriate types: the quest for rigorous methodological approaches

International talent flow is critical to meeting the needs for skilled human capital in global and multinational organisations and in developed and developing countries. Recent decades have witnessed a boom in research into long‐term skilled international mobility, especially the traditional category of international assignees, but also skilled immigrants and a relatively new expatriate type: self‐initiated expatriates. The upsurge in empirical interest has highlighted a number of issues relating to the way the research has been conducted. This article examines methodological issues associated with research into the three expatriate types and seeks to advise researchers on how future research can be conducted to improve the robustness of results. In this way, practitioners and policy makers may be able to make more use of the empirical evidence.     

Business incubation models and institutionally void environments

This paper builds a conceptual framework of business incubation models in institutionally void environments, a relevant yet understudied topic in the extant literature. On the basis of a qualitative approach based on the analysis of five case studies drawn from a sample of business incubators in Egypt, and grounding on the literature on institutional voids, we posit that there is a necessity for two different incubation models in institutional laggard environments, typically found in, yet not limited to, developing countries. In particular, we show evidence that the two models supply and facilitate different needs of entrepreneurs, in different stages of entrepreneurial life cycle. We further argue that the incubation model choice is contingent on the incubator sponsors, i.e. affiliation of the incubator, mainly through available resources and imposed objectives. Finally, we offer implications for policy makers who can use the framework to design the regulations in a way that will stimulate appropriate incubator creation and hence sustain local entrepreneurship, as well as for incubator managers who can follow the findings to position their incubation model in line with their resources, capabilities and objectives.     

Determinants of licensing activities of local public technology centers in Japan

Local public technology centers are publicly managed institutions that facilitate technology transfer to small local firms. As well as providing small local firms with various technological services, local public technology centers conduct their own research and patent inventions. This study examines factors facilitating licensing activities and finds that the determinants vary according to the phase of technology transfer. Employing more Ph.D. scientists tends to promote the licensing of patents, while organizational efforts that encourage scientists to better understand the technological needs of small local firms tend to increase royalty revenue. The theoretical and practical implications of the results are discussed.     

再议海洋油气资源的开发利用

二十一世纪是海洋全面开发的新世纪,越来越多的国家都把合理有序地开发利用海洋资源,保护海洋环境作为求生存、求发展的基本国策。我国海洋油气储量丰富,增长潜力巨大,大力开发海洋油气资源有利于缓解国内能源短缺状况,满足社会和经济发展需要。本文针对我国现有海洋油气资源开发利用现状,对如何加快开发利用海洋油气资源提出措施和建议,以便为制定海洋油气资源发展规划、研究国家能源战略和海洋经济的最优发展模式等提供参考。     

论遥感技术在国土资源管理与调查中的应用

遥感技术作为新兴的信息科学技术,已成为国土资源管理与调查的重要工具。利用遥感数据,构建国土资源动态监测体系,及时获取国土资源变化情况,为国土资源管理和调查、各级政府制定国土资源管理政策和经济社会中长期发展规划、社会对国土资源的信息需求提供科学依据和技术服务。朗读显示对应的拉丁字符的拼音字典-查看字典详细内容。     

中国引进环境技术存在问题研究综述

引进发达国家先进的环境技术是发展中国家用于改善本国环境质量的重要手段。目前全球普遍存在的技术转移方式是国际贸易、外商直接投资、CDM机制下的国际经济合作和国际援助。本文从上述国际环境技术转移的主要方式出发,通过对近年来国内外相关研究文献的研读分析,总结出中国引进环境技术方面存在的障碍和原因,最终提出解决这些问题亟须国际转让机制的创新和政府激励机制的发挥。     

Tax Competition and Revelation of Preferences for Public Expenditure

This paper considers a federal country composed of local jurisdictions that differ in their inhabitants' tastes for public goods, and which finance local public expenditure through a source-based tax on capital income. The taste for public goods is the private information of local governments. The central government seeks an optimal policy, in which grants to local governments are conditioned on local tax rates. The uninformed central government seeks both to allocate capital efficiently among jurisdictions, and to induce jurisdictions to provide an efficient mix of private and public consumption. It is shown that there persist at this constrained optimum both some misallocation of capital and some violation of the Samuelson rule for optimal public good provision in every jurisdiction.