Property rights and western United States water markets*

This paper addresses water scarcity issues in the American West and examines the allocation of water through the appropriative rights system and the extent markets are used to reallocate water from low‐ to high‐valued uses. The unique physical properties of water make it difficult to bound and measure, which makes defining property rights difficult. Markets are also impeded by disputes over third‐party effects due to the interdependencies of water users and complex institutional arrangements that dilute decision‐making authority. Analysis of water trading in the western United States indicates that the rate of permanent transfers is increasing over time and urban users are paying higher prices relative to agricultural users.     

基于博弈论的城市水源地水资源分配模式和相关政策分析

应用博弈论的方法,探讨水源地、城市及用水者等相关利益主体在不同决策模式下的行为方式,分析了“用水者各自决策”“城市政府主导分配”“市场交易”和“政府调控下的市场配置”4种水源地水资源分配模式,认为“政府调控下的市场配置”是相对最优模式。探讨了跨境水源地权利保护机制、用水总量控制政策背景下的水源地水资源分配、水源地水权交易和生态补偿等相关政策问题,并提出相关政策建议。     

Nutrition, health and economic policies in Europe

This article explores the economic issues associated with diet choices and nutrition policies in Europe. A review of the current and potential policy measures is provided and the issues associated with the development of a common nutritional policy in Europe discussed, with a special focus on the collection of appropriate data for benchmarking. We propose a classification for the wide range of nutrition policy tools and the most recent developments are discussed with reference to policy actions in France, Italy and the United Kingdom.     

自然资源资产产权制度改革和体系建设思考

研究目的:梳理自然资源资产产权制度改革实践面临的主要问题,通过理论辨析为改革提供思路和抓手。研究方法:从可持续发展和资源系统观建立了"价值-体制-产权-利用"的递进式分析框架,对产权制度改革的逻辑进行分析。研究结果:产权改革面临6类主要问题,包括产权不完整的持续性、委托代理问题、整体性治理不足、行政管理的路径依赖、市场机制不健全、可持续发展观未普及;同时,从价值目标、体制机制影响、绩效评价闭环三个维度为产权制度改革理念提供了理论阐释。研究结论:自然资源资产产权制度改革可以从5个方面着手推进,包括建构二维产权制度体系、建立新型委托代理关系、推动管制赋权、优化市场与政府关系,以及促进自然资源利用可持续转型等。     

灌溉用水权确权到户有关问题的思考

灌溉用水权确权到户是水资源资产管理的重点与难点,涉及数亿农户的权益,有关工作仍处于早期探索阶段。在大量调研的基础上,对该不该、能不能确权到户,管理能否到位等关键问题进行了探讨。研究认为:从国家发展战略、政策导向、技术流程、供水管理等多个视角考虑,灌溉用水权应当尽快确权到户,技术上完全可行,服务管理可以基本得到保障。建议将灌溉用水权确权到户作为新时代深化水利改革的重要内容,与农业水价综合改革、规范取水许可等工作有机结合,积极稳妥有序推进。     

中国水权交易的发展及其试点推广效应

水权交易是目前解决水资源稀缺的一项重要政策工具,亦是中国当前水资源管理改革的重要方向之一。基于中国水权交易所2016—2022年的交易数据对中国水权交易的总体概况、不同交易类型的水权交易特征进行统计描述性分析,并讨论其试点推广效应。研究表明:目前中国的水权交易以取水权交易为主,其次为区域水权交易,灌溉用水户水权交易渐趋活跃;区域水权交易主要表现为用水总量指标在区域间的重新配置,取水权交易主要表现为行业间的取水权交易,而灌溉用水户水权交易主要表现为行业内的水权交易;政府在水权交易中发挥了重要作用,随着水权交易的发展,参与主体开始出现多元化,更多的用水户开始进入水市场;中国的水权交易试点具有一定的推广效应,不仅仅表现为“量”的增多,还表现在交易方式上的创新。中国水权交易未来的发展空间在于不断创新水权交易方式并激励更多的用水户参与水权交易,需要因地制宜推进水权改革,加快推动初始水权的分配与确权工作;同时,还需要进一步完善水资源计量与监控体系,并积极推动水权交易法规制度建设,进一步推进水权交易市场的发展。     

组织因素对水利企业知识产权管理界面冲突影响分析

水利企业知识产权管理界面复杂,组织结构和组织文化是造成水利企业知识产权管理界面冲突重要的组织因素。在对水利企业知识产权管理界面相关概念进行界定的基础上,总结了水利企业知识产权管理界面冲突的表现,从组织结构和组织文化两个方面分析了组织因素对水利企业知识产权管理界面冲突的影响,并提出了相应的对策和建议。     

水库水权转让价格研究

在阐述水权及水库水权的基础上,分析了我国水库水权转让的特点,提出了构成水库水权转让价格的7个要素,即资源水价、工程水价、水权转让所需节水灌溉工程成本水价、农业补偿水价、生态补偿水价、税金和合理的利润,并对各个要素进行了分析,给出了相应的水价计算模型。     

Donning Coase‐coloured glasses: a property rights view of natural resource economics*

Economic analysis of natural resource and environmental issues inappropriately places too much emphasis on Pigouvian externalities and too little on Coasean property rights and transaction costs. The crucial questions are who has what property rights and what are the transaction costs associated with these property rights. Asserting an externality implicitly assumes a set of property rights and hence a distribution of the social costs, but it is precisely a lack of property rights that allows decision makers to ignore social costs. By viewing natural resource and environmental problems through a Coasean lens, we better focus our attention on how property rights evolve, how they influence transaction costs, and how those transaction costs affect the potential for bargaining to minimise social costs.     

浅谈我国水权的物权化问题

论述水权的物权化所体现出来的积极作用,分析国内外水权制度,指出我国水权的物权化面临的问题:①水权缺乏系统的法律规定;②水权不能转让;③水权物权化的局限性。从分析水权的物权化所体现出来的积极作用入手,针对我国水权的物权化存在问题,提出解决此问题的建议:将水权纳入水法予以调整,明确水权的具体内容,建立规范的水资源市场,建立完善的水价体制,完善水资源相关立法。     

Power,capital, and the poverty of farmers’ land rights in China

This article is intended to conduct a three-dimensional examination of China’s rural land rights and the complex dynamic among political power, economic capital, and farmers’ rights during the past seventy years. First, the study takes a close look at the historical changes in the nature, scope, and ownership of land property in rural China during four significant time periods from 1949 to 2019. Second, it uses Ronald Coase’s theory on property rights in dissecting the four paradoxes and dilemmas in China’s rural land ownership, including the extent of clarity and stability of land property rights, the “three rights system” (the rights to ownership, contracting and operation of land) and three stagnations in defining and exercising such three rights, the simultaneous shortage and waste of land resources, as well as the restrictions on land transactions and the requirement to protect collective property. With examples derived from selected evidence, the article documents how both political power and economic capital have worked together to deprive farmers’ land rights. It concludes with a critical analysis of the current status of China’s rural economy, the problem of applying Western economic theories to China’s reality, as well as the theoretical definition, legal protection and policy parameters of land property rights in China.     

论区分建设用地使用权

研究目的:依据《物权法》对地上、地下空间权利区分设立,以明晰权属、准确登记。研究方法:借鉴建筑物区分所有权的理念,通过楼面地价充分体现土地价值,建立专有部分使用权与成员权的复合型法律关系,用建筑面积与高程的组合,构建区分建设用地使用权。研究结果:通过分析与建筑物区分所有权、建筑用地使用权的关系,明析区分建设用地使用权的地位。通过对地籍调查方法的细化,解决区分建设用地使用权实际操作中的问题并举例说明。研究结论:区分建设用地使用权的提出对地上、地下空间权利的设立填补了实际操作中的空白,与现在的法律法规、国家标准紧密衔接,对研究土地空间利用的不动产管理问题具有积极探索的意义。     

An endogenous growth model for the evolution of water rights systems

This article presents a model to help explain the transition path from one water management system to another, typically a commons framework to one of tradable permit‐based property rights. Furthermore, drawing from transaction cost literature, the model demonstrates how this takes place when externalities (the strain on water resources) become severe enough to warrant the increased transaction costs inherent with more complex water rights management frameworks.     

水权质量视阈下小流域水权冲突与协调措施

从水权质量的角度出发,对小流域水权冲突诱因及其协调措施进行研究,阐述了小流域水权冲突的相关概念,归纳总结出小流域水权冲突具有主体多元化、外溢效用严重、对抗激化引致暴力冲突的特征,并对小流域水权冲突经典表现进行介绍,然后对小流域水权冲突的诱因进行了分析。结果表明:当水权以低质量的形式表现出来时,引起其他用水户交易水资源时交易成本降低,机会主义行为发生概率上升,并且水权转让水平低,新的水权冲突不断发生。另外,水权质量低也造成水权凝滞现象发生,以及水权异动频发和水权约束力下降等一系列影响,进而加剧水权冲突事件发生的频率。因此,政府应创新小流域内水利基础设施投融资机制,建立小流域水权分配机制,推进小流域水权市场建设,引入生态补偿机制,以协调由低质量的水权引起的水权冲突。     

Transboundary water management Game‐theoretic lessons for projects on the US–Mexico border⋆

Of the twelve million people who live within 100 km of the US–Mexico border, 90 percent are clustered in transboundary sister cities that share common water sources and pollution problems. New institutions created to address environmental concerns over NAFTA offer the promise of greater financial and technical assistance for water management in border cities. This paper reviews US–Mexico border water issues and institutions. Using insights from game theory, it draws policy lessons for institutions funding border water projects. We examine how the design of assistance programs, technical support, and pre‐existing water rights and regulations affect project outcomes. The diversity and geographic dispersion of water conflicts suggests potential for applying the interconnected game approach to US‐Mexico water negotiations.     

浅析现行黄河水权制度的形成、缺陷及创新

根据产权经济学和新制度经济学的理论,分3个阶段探讨其由非正式约束为主向正式约束为主的演进及可交易水权制度萌芽的形成过程,指出现行黄河水权制度的缺陷如水权界定不清、水价偏低、用水余缺调剂较难、水事法律制度不完备等以及建设可控性水利工程、明晰微观主体的水使用量权、分步调高水价、建立和完善相关水事法律制度等现行黄河水权制度创新的前提及思路。     

新形势下中国特色水权交易实践总结与发展对策

水权交易是发挥市场机制作用、优化配置水资源的重要手段,是落实水资源刚性约束要求、促进水资源节约和集约利用的关键举措。在总结现阶段水权交易进展及成效的基础上,分析了推进水权交易面临的主要问题及原因,结合用水权市场化交易工作部署,从顶层设计、平台建设、试点示范、交易监管等方面提出了推进水权交易的对策及措施,为完善水权交易制度体系,培育和发展水权交易市场,促进水资源节约和集约利用提供支撑。     

小农水体制机制改革举措探讨——以重庆云阳为例

[目的]解决重庆云阳小农水存在的无人管护、运作效率低下导致工程性缺水等问题,探寻管护模式、工程规模与管护效率之间的关系。[方法]文章对小农水产权制度改革与管护机制创新试点重庆云阳县进行了实地调研,在此基础上运用DEA分析方法和问卷方法探究了堰塘工程规模和运行效率与管护的关系。[结果]私有化管护模式要比集体管护效率高,并且规模较大的工程易私有化,分析结果符合实地调研结果。同时指出试点所做的举措与背后的原因,并给出适当的改革建议。[结论]提出改革需进一步引入市场机制,进一步放开堰塘的经营权与收益权,对于小规模集体管护的堰塘及规模大的个人或联户无能力经营的堰塘,由用水者协会管理。该文对重庆乃至处于西南山丘区的小农水管护模式的改革研究具有一定指导意义,也为其他区域的小农水体制机制改革的理论研究提供一定参考与借鉴。     

农业水价政策对农户种植结构的影响——以新疆地区为例

为了缓解用水危机,提高用水效率,中国正在推进农业水价综合改革,试图建立以水权交易为核心的水价制度。本文根据作物的亩均灌溉用水量将作物划分为高耗水作物和低耗水作物,利用新疆天山北麓5县(含2个团场和3个县)的农户调查数据,对比分析实施统一水价、阶梯水价、水权交易水价3种水价政策区域内农户的种植结构,探索农民在不同水价政策下的种植决策,并进一步验证价格信号对农户种植选择的影响。研究发现,由于水费收取方式和水价不同,实施不同的水价政策对农户的种植结构产生了不同的影响。与其他水价政策相比,水权交易水价更能促使农户选择更为节水的作物。不同水价政策下水的定价是影响农户选择种植结构的关键要素,当农户灌溉用水的机会成本增加时,他们会增加低耗水作物的种植比例。每亩低价水定额对农户选择种植低耗水作物有非线性的影响,当每亩低价水定额超过一定数量时,定额进一步增加会导致农户减少种植低耗水作物。     

Collective action in China’s recent collective forestry property rights reform

China’s recent collective forestry property rights reform (CFPRR) is regarded as the third Land Reform and has been implemented to accelerate China’s rural restructuring. In departing from previous top-down policy changes, the CFPRR has focused on local collective practices and actions. It indicates a shift in China’s rural governance, away from direct intervention towards support for local collective actions. Based on a case study of Hongtian Village, the origin of the CFPRR, this article analyses the process of insinuating collective action and the impact that this has had in creating a new cultural understanding and acceptance of collective forestry property rights. In contrast to the relative insecurity of tenure that can accompany many reforms of the governance of common pool resources, the paper suggests that the success of the ‘Hongtian model’ mainly lies in high levels of process engagement by local people and effective interaction between villagers and the government. While not addressing all the issues associated with the inefficiency of the previous collective approach to forestry, the paper suggests that there are many transferable lessons to be learnt from the CFPRR, both within and beyond China.