战后日本中小企业的直接对外投资

战后,日本中小企业不仅大力发展商品输出,同时也极力扩张对外直接投资(以下称对外投资)。目前,中小企业在日本对外投资中占有重要地位,它对推进日本经济走向“国际化”起到了极其重要的作用。一、战后中小企业对外投资的发展及其原因战后,日本中小企业对外投资的发展,大致可分为三个时期: (一)对外投资的准备时期(1951～1965年) 战后初期,日本经济濒于崩     

对我国中小企业对外直接投资问题的若干思考

利用外资和对外投资是对外开放的两个具体方面,中小企业在我国国民经济中占有重要的地位,中小企业的对外直接投资是我国对外直接投资的重要方面,对我国社会经济的发展具有重要的意义。本文论述了我国中小企业对外投资相对优势、存在的问题,并提出了相应的对策建议。     

日本对外直接投资战略态势的宏观探讨

进入80年代以来,日本对外直接投资呈现新态势,不但直接投资输出超过输入,处于英国的跨国公司理论家约翰·邓宁关于一国投资发展周期理论的第四阶段即直接投资净输出阶段,而且直接投资的原因、模式和策略也同以往迥异。研究现阶段日本对外投资战略,对我国制订吸收外资和对外直接投资战略将不无参考作用。一、现阶段日本对外直接投资的必要性和必然性 1.对外直接投资成为日本避开贸易摩擦、打破他国贸易保护政策的有效手段随着贸易摩擦问题的严重化,很多国家尽管其消费者希冀物美价廉的日本商品,但政府为发展本国经济,不能不对引起外贸收支恶化的     

日本的对外直接投资支持政策分析

日本作为世界上最大的资本输出国之一,其对外直接投资成效显著,这与其国家政策的支持是密不可分的.目前,中国企业的发展面临人民币升值、贸易摩擦等众多问题,与20世纪80年代的日本企业所处的环境较相似.文章对日本的对外直接投资支持政策的组成和要点进行了分析研究,为中国对外直接投资政策的完善提供参考.     

"边际产业扩张论"对我国中小企业的适用性分析

近年来，随着我国经济的发展，中小企业对外直接投资成为一个讨论的热点。有学者将小岛清的“边际产业扩张论”作为指导我国中小企业对外直接投资的理论基础，笔者认为，这个理论是否完全适用于现阶段我国中小企业是个值得商榷的问题。本文通过对“边际产业扩张论”六个具体内容的逐一分析，得出了部分适用的结论。我们应该加大“中国式”对外直接投资理论的研究。     

日本对外直接投资结构的变化及我国的对策

我国对外开放以来,一直对吸收日本的资金和技术抱很大的希望。然而迄今为止,日本对华直接投资的情况却不尽如人意。究其原因,除我国投资环境方面的原因外,在很大程度上与外部投资环境,特别是与日本对外直接投资结构的变化有关。因此,了解日本对外直接投资结构的变化,采取相应的外资政策,乃是加速我国对外开放步伐的重要前提。     

我国中小企业对外直接投资绩效评价指标体系的构建

在分析我国中小企业对外直接投资绩效评价指标体系构建意义和构建原则的基础上,运用文献资料、深度访谈和问卷调查等方法获取了中小企业对外直接投资绩效评价指标,并运用因子分析与项目分析等方法尝试构建了一个初步的我国中小企业对外直接投资绩效评价指标体系,接着通过专家评价与层次分析法,确定了该指标体系中各指标的相应权重,最终构建了一套科学、合理、操作性较强的我国中小企业对外直接投资绩效评价指标体系。     

日本对外直接投资的发展与结构变化研究

随着日本经济实力的增强，日本对外直接投资从无到有，从少到多，曾一度地眼过美国。日本对外直接投资走出了一条明显区别于欧美的模式，并结合产业结构调整与经济发展对资本需求变化状况，运用对外直接投资较为成功地推进了产业结构的高级化以及日本企业的国际化经营。日本对外直接投资的经验对发展中国家包括中国的对外直接投资发展具有借鉴意义。     

两种FDI模式对我国出口贸易影响的比较研究

小岛清认为,日本企业的对外直接投资促进贸易,而美国跨国公司的对外直接投资替代贸易。受此观点的启发,本文对日、美两国在我国的直接投资与我国向两国出口贸易的关系分别做了实证分析。另外,对小岛清的观点加以引伸,将我国利用外国直接投资的过程在时间上也划分为两个阶段,通过实证分析,既对两个国家进行横向比较,也对两个时间段进行纵向比较,并得出了一致的结论:中小企业主导的直接投资对我国出口贸易的促进程度要大于跨国公司主导的直接投资;我国引进的外国直接投资在整体上正由中小企业占主导的“日本式直接投资”,向以跨国公司占主导的“美国式直接投资”演变,从而使得外国直接投资对我国出口贸易的促进程度下降。     

民营中小企业对外直接投资与外汇管理制度改革

开展对外直接投资是民营中小企业国际化的必经阶段，也是开拓国际市场、绕开贸易壁垒的有效途径。为支持和鼓励民营中小企业对外直接投资，在金融政策上，许多研究指出，可以参照国外经验，设立特别金融机构或建立特别基金(如英联邦开发公司、德意志开发公司、美国海外私人投资公司、日本海外经济合作基金等)，对境外投资和承     

Penetration and Post-infection Development of Meloidogyne Incognita on Tobacco as Treated by Rhizobacteria Pseudomonas Fluorescens Strain P-72-10

The bio-control potential of rhizospere bacteria Pseudomonas fluorescens against plant-parasite nematode had been demonstrated. P. fluorescens had shown the effect to enhance tobacco resistance to root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. Inoculation with P. fluoreseens in tobacco could lead to significant reductions in the number of juveniles that penetrated tobacco root and further life stage development of the juveniles. The number of juveniles penetrated into tobac- co root in treatment with P. fluorescens is significantly different from CK at 2DAI, 6DAI, 8DAI and 10DAI. Significant reduction and delayed development of juveniles that penetrated into tobacco root and treated were observed in treatment at 14DAI, 21DAI, 28DAI and 35DAI. In addition, P. fluoreseens treatment leads to a significant reduction in the number of eggs per egg-mass at 35 DAI. The results show P. fluorescens induced a continuously suppression on root-knot nema- tode M. incognita throughout their entire early infection phase of root penetration, subsequent life stage development and reproduction.     

On the Major Transformation of the Asia-Pacific Regional Structure北大核心CSSCISSCI

Recent years have witnessedsignificant changes in the Asia-Pacific regionalstructure featuring the shift in power balance among related countries as well as adjust-ments in their respective regional strategies. So what is the prevailing trend in thistransformation and what kind of regional order will likely emerge in the future？ To an-swer these questions, the paper tries to explore the following dimensions： the evolvingregional context, shift in power balance and power conversion, geo-political and geo-e-conomic developments and interactions between them, and evolving regional order. Asthe study shows, the broadening of regional geographical scope, the rise in the numberof actors involved, as well as changesin the relations among them, have combined tocast a pluralistic and complex flavor to the regional structure. While the power balanceamong China, the United States and Japan shifts, and power conversion is also occur-ring. China and Japan are paying increasing attention to their security roles, whereasthe United States under the Obama administration laid more stress on expanding itsgeo-economic clout. In spite of the intensifying geopolitical competition among China,the United States and Japan in recent years, a Sino-US strategic compromise-whichholds the key to regional geopolitics-isother front, some kind of geo-economicmore likely to take place in the future. On thecooperation will probably emerge. In the longerterm, it will be the geo-economic trend thatwill prevail over the geopolitical trend inthe region. Finally, the future evolution of regional order wiI1 mainly follow the eco-nomic logic, accompanied by the dilutionof its hegemonic and hierarchical nature.Hence, a pluralistic and complex regional community will emerge.     

For Better or for Worse? Local Impacts of the Decentralization of Indonesia’s Forest Sector

This paper quantifies the local impacts of mechanized logging on forest-dependent communities in Indonesia, before and after decentralization. A conceptual framework incorporates financial, social, enforcement, rent-seeking, and environmental impacts. Using data from 60 communities in East Kalimantan, the empirical results suggest that significantly more households received financial and in-kind benefits after decentralization compared to before. Many communities engaged in self-enforcement activities against firms both before and after decentralization. Post-decentralization, a significantly higher proportion of households perceived community forest ownership. There were few significant differences in perceived environmental impacts. Little evidence exists of a post-decentralization trade-off between environmental and financial contractual provisions.     

以资本管理为核心的银行治理综合评价指标研究

商业银行的特殊性体现在风险性、外部性和多重治理目标上，尤其集中体现在风险管理的本质上。风险管理日益成为现代商业银行的主体活动和核心职能，资本管理成为现代商业银行风险管理的核心。在整合EVA和RAROC指标的基础上。文章构建了以资本管理为核心的银行治理的综合评价指标，以求真实反映银行经营的成果，有效衡量风险收益和风险成本的对比关系，从而反映以资本管理为核心的银行风险管理的过程、能力和效率。     

Organization and incentives in the age of sail

The British Navy in the age of sail was the most successful bureaucracy of its time. Its organization and incentive structures differed importantly from contemporaneous private sailing ventures, but closely resembled those of today’s large corporations. To induce efficient effort, the navy used a hierarchical tournament, in which sailors competed for higher pay that came with promotions based on relative performance. Promotion probabilities, the option value of future promotions, and the higher effort required of men in higher ranks and on larger vessels, combined to yield a highly skewed pay structure.     

The German Hanse and Bergen – new perspectives on an old subject

Abstract

The Hanseatic League and her kontors (trading posts) were an integral part of the medieval trade system in Northern Europe. Hanse merchants dominated many markets in this region and managed to maintain a monopoly-like role in towns like Novgorod and Bergen for many centuries. Consequently, one focus of historical research about the Hanseatic League lay on the mechanisms that enabled the Hanse merchants to keep that strong of a position for such a long time.

This article is part of the discussion about this topic. Based on Lübeck merchants with business interest in the Norwegian town of Bergen, the so-called Bergenfahrers (Bergen travellers), it will give new insights into the Hansards' economical and social organization. The three main points are (a) the integration of the Bergen market in the Hanseatic trade network as an intermediary trading place on the vivid East–West route of Hanse trade; (b) the importance of the Bergenfahrers within the Hanse merchants' economical, social and political networks; and (c) the structure of the Bergenfahrers network patterns in the late Middle Ages.

In addition to new insights into the important role of Bergen and the Bergenfahrers within Lübeck's and the other Wendish Hanse towns' trading system, this articles provides further proof for the usefulness of the methods of Social Network Analysis in medieval economic research.     

Markteintrittstiming von Telekommunikationsdiensteanbietern

Zusammenfassung Die vorliegende Studie analysiert für 87 Neuprodukteinführungen (NPE) und Auslandsmarkteintritte (AME) von Telekommunikations(TK)-Diensteanbietern in Deutschland, zu denen 42 Schlüsselinformanten in einer schriftlichen Befragung Auskunft gaben, (1) inwieweit deren zeitliche Eintrittspositionierung durch Marktcharakteristika und Unternehmensressourcen erkl?rbar ist sowie (2) inwieweit und gegebenenfalls unter welchen unternehmensexternen und -internen Situationsbedingungen deren Markteintrittstiming mit dem wahrgenommenen Eintrittserfolg assoziiert ist. Ein früher Markteintritt wurde dann realisiert, wenn die Wettbewerbsintensit?t im adressierten Gesch?ft niedrig und das Budget für den Expansionsschritt überdurchschnittlich ausfielen. Zwischen dem Markteintrittstiming und der Beurteilung des Eintrittserfolgs bestand ein nicht monotoner, umgekehrt U-f?rmiger Zusammenhang: Frühe Folger wiesen signifikant bessere Erfolgswerte auf als Pioniere und sp?te Folger, deren Erfolgsniveaus nicht signifikant divergierten. In einer Industrie, die durch starke externe Netzeffekte gepr?gt ist, fallen offenbar die Nachteile eines Markteintritts als Pionier oder sp?ter Folger st?rker ins Gewicht als die Vorteile dieser beiden zeitlichen Eintrittspositionierungen. Unabh?ngig vom Markteintrittstiming wurden NPE/AME von TK-Unternehmen als erfolgreicher eingestuft, wenn sie sich in einen Markt mit stark wachsender Nachfrage und aufeinander abgestimmt (re)agierenden Wettbewerbern mit qualitativ überdurchschnittlichen, abw?rtskompatiblen, erprobbaren und wenig erkl?rungsbedürftigen TK-Diensten engagierten.      

Financial Reporting and Trade Credit: Evidence from Mandatory IFRS Adoption*

We investigate the effect of mandatory IFRS adoption on trade credit. We document that firms in countries that adopt IFRS receive more trade credit from their suppliers, consistent with improved financial reporting quality and comparability playing a role in facilitating informal financing. This increase is larger for countries with a low level of societal trust, a poor pre‐IFRS‐adoption information environment, and stronger legal enforcement. These cross‐sectional results suggest that the conditions under which higher‐quality information is made publicly available affect suppliers' decisions to provide trade credit. This increase is also larger for firms with greater exposure to foreign markets, a finding that highlights the importance of more comparable international financial reporting standards in facilitating cross‐country trade credit. We also find that IFRS adoption has a stronger positive effect on trade credit for firms with greater liquidity needs. Finally, we find that firms in countries that adopt IFRS also extend more trade credit to their customers. Overall, our results support the notion that financial reporting can have a causal effect on trade credit.