The Effect of Privatization on Public Transit Costs

In an effort to reduce operating deficits, increase productivity, and improve the quality of services, the public transit sector has been moving away from public ownership and operation and towards a franchising arrangement whereby a local government authorizes a private firm to manage and operate the city's public transit system. Profit maximization considerations imply that private managers have stronger incentives for cost efficiency. One such example is the city of Indianapolis which began privatization efforts in its transit operations in 1996. Based upon monthly data from January 1991 through March 1997, this study examines the effect of privatization on the city's cost of providing mass transit. The primary implication of the study is that Indianapolis has experienced an annual 2.5% reduction in operating costs since privatizing the management of its public transit system.     

Trading Taxes vs. Paying Taxes to Value and Finance Public Environmental Goods

The potential sensitivity of environmentalresource valuation to payment vehicles is ofinterest to researchers and decision-makersinvolved in estimating and applying thesenumbers. A conceptual model is developed whichprovides insight into how the different paymentvehicles of a special tax and a taxreallocation affects the willingness to pay(WTP) for environmental goods. Hypothesistesting using contingent valuation datasuggests WTP with a tax reallocation is higherthan WTP with a special tax for ground waterquality protection in Georgia and Maine, USA.Technical measurement and welfare analysisimplications and limitations of valuing andfinancing public environmental goods using taxrealloactions are discussed.     

财产税和地方公共支出对财产价值的影响

本文的目的是提供一些关于地方公共预算对社区内财产价值的影响的经验结论。通过财产税的转移理论,本文分析了整体税收对地主租金收入和对佃户付出的影响。研究结果表明了税收和支出方案对地方财产价值的影响方向,以及粗略估计的数量级。     

Taxes or Fees? The Political Economy of Providing Excludable Public Goods

This paper provides a positive analysis of public provision of excludable public goods financed by uniform taxes or fees. Individuals differing in preferences decide, using majority rule, the provision level and financing instrument. The decisive voter has median preferences in a tax regime, but generally has above median preferences in a fee regime. Numerical solutions indicate that populations with uniform or left‐skewed distributions of preferences choose taxes, while a majority coalition of high‐ and low‐preference individuals prefer fees when preferences are sufficiently right skewed. Public good provision and welfare under fees exceeds that under taxes in the latter case.     

改革创新是财政强动力

<正> 当2002年的经济时钟走过一半路程的时候,中国财政状况引起了各界人士的普遍关注。我国财政状况究竟如何?财政与经济是如何运行的?财政改革给我们留下了什么?又对未来发展作了什么准备?这里,我们不妨对近几年来进行的财政改革进行一下回顾和总结。推进财政改革,建立财政收入稳定增长机制当我们回首财政改革时会发现一个     

Welfare Effects of Different Public Expenditures and Taxes in the Netherlands

This paper explores the welfare effects of public consumption, income transfers and public investment financed through different types of taxes. One surprising result is that, contrary to public consumption goods, public capital goods do not necessarily become less attractive if distortionary taxes, rather than lump-sum taxes, are necessary to finance them. The numerical simulations reveal that the net welfare effects of public investments in the Netherlands are typically positive if financed through lump-sum taxes or distortionary taxes on labor. However, if a source-based capital tax is adopted to finance public investments, the overall welfare effect may be negative.     

个人所得税对公司加权平均资金成本的影响

本文利用Dempsey的包含个人所得税的股票价值模型建立了包含个人所得税的公司平均资金成本模型,研究个人所得税对公司资本结构和资金成本的影响.本文还根据中国的实际,研究中国现行的所得税制度对公司资金成本和资本结构的影响.     

Estimating the Optimal Scale of Public Investments: The Case of Low-Level Radioactive Waste Disposal Facilities

This paper addresses the regulatory problem of estimating the optimal scale of public capital investments, such as regional low-level radioactive waste (LLRW) disposal facilities and sports stadiums, when regulators can require information disclosures from firms. I evaluate the efficacy of the Illinois LLRW mandatory forecast disclosure rule against an estimated ARIMA model of LLRW volume disposed over the 1985–1995 period; the ARIMA model is shown to be more accurate. I conclude with an ARIMA model forecast of lifecycle volumetric capacity of a proposed LLRW disposal facility in Illinois.     

增税与发债:理论比较与现实选择

增税与发债都是为财政支出融资的方式.本文从理论上分析了二者对经济影响的差别.在中国近年积极财政政策的实施过程中,税收收入出现较快增长,但实际税收负担的增长低于统计显示的水平.在分析这一情况时,要看到税收收入增长的深层原因.而发行国债,则能将居民储蓄转化为公共投资,改善基础设施现状,因而是较为理想的融资工具.     

The Impact of Transfers and Taxes on Alternative Poverty Indexes

Changes in the headcount rate are the standard metric for gauging how public transfers and taxes affect US poverty. An alternative strategy, one theoretically more appealing and complete, is to rely on distribution-sensitive indexes (Sen 1976, 1981). How would policy's measured impacts change if such an approach were to be used? This study provides empirical evidence using three selected poverty indexes from the class developed by Foster et al . (1984). Pre- and post-policy values of each index are estimated for the total population and for twenty-three demographic sub-groups using data from March Current Population Surveys covering the period 1992 to 1998. The results indicate that the alternative indexes produce consistent ordinal rankings of policy's impact. (In contrast, the measured cardinal effects of policy differ substantially across indexes.) The empirical evidence has a clear implication for anti-poverty policy: government transfers and taxes are effective in lowering poverty headcount rates, in reducing the depth of poverty and in lessening the relative deprivation among the poor.     

The Efficiency of State Taxes

The states have increased their share of national revenue from about 16 per cent in the late 1980s to over 20 per cent. This shift may not have improved the efficiency of raising national taxation revenue. Eight taxes with total revenue in 1995–96 of $26.5 billion are considered. In order of revenue these are payroll tax, business franchise taxes, stamp duties, gambling taxes, government business enterprise taxes, financial institutions taxes, land tax and mineral taxes. Business franchise taxes fall on a few items of consumption that are already taxed heavily by the Commonwealth. Financial taxes and stamp duties are suspect because they are transactions taxes, not taxing economic activity directly. Two important state taxes—on payrolls and on land—have badly fractured bases. The pressure on the states to raise more revenue is continuing. In meeting their revenue requirements efficiently the short-term solution lies in substantial reforms of existing taxes, including repairing the bases of the payroll and land taxes, and removal or reduction of the least efficient ones. The longer term solution lies in the states having access to broader based taxes, particularly consumption.     

Optimal Monetary Policy, Taxes, and Public Debt in an Intertemporal Equilibrium

This article is devoted to a study of the optimal monetary and fiscal policies within the framework of an overlapping generations model with cash-in-advance constraints. We first characterize the intertemporal equilibrium. Then we show how to decentralize the optimal growth path using available policy instruments (i.e., labor income and capital taxes, public debt, money supply). Between the four instruments: wages and capital taxes, debt and monetary policy, one is redundant among the three last which implies that the Friedman Rule is only a special case.     

中国轨道交通的公共政策构建

本文在梳理我国轨道交通公共政策的基础上,分析轨道交通公共政策存在的问题,认为目前轨道交通公共政策只具有行业管理性的特点,缺乏公共政策应具有的公共性、系统性与阶段性等特点,在此基础上,探讨了我国轨道交通公共政策中的一些关键性问题,如实施目标、重点与对象、政府管理及政府与企业的关系,等等.     

论主体税种的确立与完善

主体税种的选择是税制建设的核心问题 ,它决定税制结构的类型。我国税收制度过于依赖流转税 ,存在着诸多弊端 ,应立足本国国情 ,适当借鉴国际经验 ,构建流转税与所得税并重的双主体税制结构。     

The Efficiency of State Taxes on Mobile Labour Income

We model a federation where States levy a tax on the wage income of mobile citizens who shop between States for their preferred tax and public policy package. It is shown that competition between States results in efficient State spending but that the taxes on wage income are inefficient in the sense that mobile taxpayers are allocated inefficiently across States. The implication is that if States tax the wage income of mobile workers, there may be benefits from policy competition (a more competitive federal system) but also costs associated with the inefficiency. The central government can correct for the inefficiency, but this requires a complex system of inter-State transfers that are difficult to implement in practice.     

林业引资与林产品贸易的可持续发展

林业引进外资不仅关系到林业产业的发展前景，也关系到林产品贸易的可持续发展问题。实证研究表明，林业引进外资与林产品贸易呈正相关关系．对林产品的出口有着极大的推动作用。因此，加大林业引资对于今后改善我国林业进出口的不平衡，缓减林产品贸易进口依存度过高的问题都将有深远的影响。     

税费改革对村委会筹资的影响

税费改革后村委会收入大幅减少,村委会可用资金明显减少,村集体经济组织存在经费不足和公益事业难办等问题,对此,应进一步加强村委会资金筹集的管理与监督,建立新型的农业税收体系模式,优化村委会可用资源结构,保证村委会工作的正常运转。     

宏观税负约束下的间接税比重与城乡收入差距

本文在宏观税负约束的条件下,分析了间接税在总税收中比重的变化会对城乡收入差距产生何种影响。通过构建动态一般均衡模型和相应数值模拟分析,本文发现:随着间接税比重的提高,城乡收入差距扩大;在间接税比重不变的情况下,提升工业品商品税在间接税中的比重能够缩小城乡收入差距;当城乡之间的生产率差距、居民工资差距、人均财政支出差距变小时,间接税比重对城乡收入差距的边际作用变小,也即随着城乡二元经济结构特征的弱化,间接税扩大城乡收入差距的作用也在减弱。随后,本文进一步使用中国省级面板数据和多种计量模型对上述结论进行了验证。基于此,进一步降低间接税在总税收中的比重,尤其是在城乡二元经济结构特征明显的地区,将十分有利于缩小城乡收入差距。     

财政支出对产业结构升级的空间效应研究

将财政支出对产业结构升级的“定向诱导”突破到“区位定向诱导”是当前研究的薄弱环节.文章从决定产业结构的地区异质性、财政支出的本地效应与外部性以及遗漏因素出发,利用空间计量经济学建模技术,构建了财政支出-产业结构的空间杜宾模型(SDM),并以安徽省为例,实证分析了财政支出在产业升级方面的直接效应、间接效应与总效应等.研究表明:(1)利用空间计量经济学建模技术,可以将财政支出对产业结构升级的“定向诱导”突破至“区位定向诱导”;(2)财政支出对产业结构升级的效应研究与评估,要从本地效应转向空间外部效应;(3)应遵循“区位定向诱导”原则,充分释放财政支出对产业结构升级的正面效应,抑制负面效应,最大化叠加效应.文章研究对制定合适的财政支出政策,进而促进经济发展转型期产业结构的优化升级具有重要启示.