Credit derivatives and loan pricing

This paper examines the relation between the new markets for credit default swaps (CDS) and banks’ pricing of syndicated loans to US corporates. We find that changes in CDS spreads have a significantly positive coefficient and explain about 25% of subsequent monthly changes in aggregate loan spreads during 2000–2005. Moreover, when compared to traditional explanatory factors, they turn out to be the dominant determinant of loan spreads. In particular, they explain loan rates much better than same rated bonds. This suggests that CDS prices contain, beyond general credit risk, to a substantial extent information relevant for bank lending. We also find that, over time, new information from CDS markets is faster incorporated into loans, but information from other markets is not. Overall, our results indicate that the markets for CDS have gained an important role for banks.     

The welfare cost of bank capital requirements

Capital requirements are the cornerstone of modern bank regulation, yet little is known about their welfare cost. This paper measures this cost and finds that it is surprisingly large. I present a simple framework, which embeds the role of liquidity creating banks in an otherwise standard general equilibrium growth model. A capital requirement limits the moral hazard on the part of banks that arises due to deposit insurance. However, this capital requirement is also costly because it reduces the ability of banks to create liquidity. The key insight is that equilibrium asset returns reveal the strength of households’ preferences for liquidity and this allows for the derivation of a simple formula for the welfare cost of capital requirements that is a function of observable variables only. Using US data, the welfare cost of current capital adequacy regulation is found to be equivalent to a permanent loss in consumption of between 0.1% and 1%.     

场外金融衍生品市场监管的国际实践与启示

近年来,全球场外金融衍生品交易的快速发展及次贷危机的爆发暴露出场外金融衍生品市场监管的缺陷和风险管理的不足。我国场外金融衍生品市场尚处于发展初期,如何构建有效的监管体系确保市场健康发展成为我国金融市场建设中面临的重要问题。该文立足于当今国际场外衍生品市场的监管实践,以次贷危机为视角分析场外衍生品市场监管体系的薄弱、不足及将来的监管动向,在此基础上提出了我国场外衍生品市场监管的政策建议。     

The cyclical effects of the Basel II capital requirements

Capital requirements play a key role in the supervision and regulation of banks. The Basel Committee on Banking Supervision is in the process of changing the current framework by introducing risk sensitive capital charges. Some fear that this will unduly increase the volatility of regulatory capital. Furthermore, by limiting the banks’ ability to lend, capital requirements may exacerbate an economic downturn. The paper examines the problem of capital-induced lending cycles and their pro-cyclical effect on the macroeconomy in greater detail. It finds that the capital buffer that banks hold on top of the required minimum capital plays a crucial role in mitigating the impact of the volatility of capital requirements.     

Credit risk transfer and financial sector stability

In this paper, we study credit risk transfer (CRT) in an economy with endogenous financing (by both banks and non-bank institutions). Our analysis suggests that the incentive of banks to transfer credit risk is aligned with the regulatory objective of improving stability, and so the recent development of credit derivative instruments is to be welcomed. Moreover, we find the transfer of credit risk from banks to non-banks to be more beneficial than CRT within the banking sector. Intuitively, this is because it allows for the shedding of aggregate risk which must otherwise remain within the relatively more fragile banking sector. Therefore, regulators should act to maximize the benefits from CRT by encouraging the development of instruments favorable to the cross-sectoral transfer of aggregate credit risk (including basket credit derivatives such as collateralized debt obligations). Finally, we derive the optimal regulatory stance for banks relative to non-bank financial institutions. We show that a level playing field approach is sub-optimal. Regulatory stances should be set to actively encourage cross-sector CRT, first because of the higher fragility of the banking sector and second to induce banks to incur the costs of CRT which otherwise lead them to undertake an insufficient amount of CRT.     

Credit ratings and disclosure channels

We study the relation between analysts’ ratings of firms’ credit worthiness and ratings of the quality of firms’ (1) annual report disclosures, (2) quarterly and other disclosures, and (3) manager-analyst communications. We find that credit ratings are better for firms with higher rated annual report disclosures. We also find that marked increases in analyst ratings of annual report quality are accompanied by improvements in credit ratings. We find no relation between credit ratings and analysts’ ratings of either quarterly report disclosures or management-analyst communications. Overall, the results suggest that a commitment to better annual report disclosure is related to a lower cost of credit capital.     

Recent Developments in Credit Markets

We summarize recent developments in the credit derivative markets. We show the role of dependence between individual debtors in portfolio derivatives in a study of implied correlation. The risk of changing dependence structures between stock and bond markets becomes evident in an example of capital structure arbitrage. How credit derivatives can introduce new risks is illustrated by the example of “overlay” in basket derivatives.     

经济学层面上的道德、信任、信用与征信

道德、信任、信用与征信这四个概念被相继引入经济学研究中经历了一个渐进的过程,四者之间存在相辅相成、共同促进、相互影响的作用与反作用的关系.道德规范是形成全社会共同遵守的价值观的基础,信任是除物质资本和人力资本之外决定一个国家经济增长和社会进步的主要社会资本,信用是商业交易的前提,是维系社会经济正常关系的纽带,而征信是对受信人信用状况的一个全面了解和高度概括,据此建立的奖惩机制能为良好的社会信用状态形成打下基础.     

场外衍生品的标准化衡量及中国场外衍生品标准化的实践

此次国际金融危机暴露出OTC衍生品市场存在信用风险高、风险易蔓延、透明度低以及缺少监管等问题。鉴于此,G20会议在2009年9月提出“标准化金融衍生品合约应该在有组织平台上进行交易”,而实现上述目标的先决条件是衍生品适度的标准化。文章阐述了国际组织对衡量OTC衍生品标准化程度达成的共识,总结了近年来中国在OTC衍生品标准化推进方面取得的进展,并就中国OTC衍生品标准化的发展方向提出政策建议。     

完善信息报备机制崔动场外衍生品市场发展

文章在回顾《场外衍生品数据报备和汇总要求报告》（CPSS—IOSCO）的基础上,介绍了交易数据报备机制和报备数据汇总机制建设取得的成果及相关要点,分析了协调各国报备信息库建设步伐存在的难点,提出了对我国建立场外衍生品标准化机制的启示和借鉴。文章认为,我国应在充分参考国际经验的基础上,研究交易报备和数据汇集的方法,参与国际相关标准体系的制定,完善我国交易信息报备机制,推动场外衍生品市场发展。     

浅议佳木斯市农村信用社资本管理

本文分析了辖区农村信用社资本结构以及资本管理现状,同时对资本管理现状产生的原因进行了分析,在此基础上,提出完善资本管理的对策.     

信用集中风险研究新进展

历史经验显示,信用集中风险是造成银行危机的一个主要原因,因此,在目前我国信贷快速膨胀、信用集中风险显著加剧的背景下,急需加强对我国商业银行信用集中风险的研究.然而,目前国内研究仍停留于定性分析阶段.鉴于此,本文从信用集中风险的监管要求,信用集中风险测量的理论分析和实证研究三方面对国外信用集中风险及经济资本测度模型的研究进行了述评,以期为提高我国商业银行信用集中风险的测量水平,构建与BasPl Ⅱ一致条件下的经济资本测度模型,从而为提高我国商业银行的信用风险管理能力提供一定的参考.     

美国信用评级市场与监管变迁及其借鉴

美国信用评级业发展已经有上百年的历史。市场高度垄断、严重的"顺周期"现象、利益冲突、金融市场及监管当局对评级的严重依赖是当今美国信用评级市场存在的四大问题。目前美国信用评级业形成了以行业自律为基础、NRSRO注册与美国证券交易委员会(SEC)直接监管相结合的信用评级监管体系。美国信用评级市场发展及监管变迁对我国的启示是:应逐步打破国际评级市场完全由美国评级机构垄断的现有格局,必须逐步构建有中国自身特色的本土评级体系,并将本土评级体系的培育与国内债券市场建设、"走出去"战略及人民币国际化战略结合起来,降低国内监管部门及市场主体对外部评级机构的依赖。     

The impact of imposing capital requirements on systemic risk

This paper examines the impact of imposing capital requirements on systemic risk. We use a static model on financial institutions’ risk-taking behavior to quantify the systemic risk in the cross-sectional dimension in both regulated and unregulated systems. Although imposing a capital requirement can lower individual risk, it simultaneously enhances systemic linkage within the system. By using a proper systemic risk measure combining both individual risk and systemic linkage, we show that systemic risk in a regulated system can be higher than that in an unregulated system. In addition, we analyze a sufficient condition under which the systemic risk in a regulated system is always lower.     

Dynamic linkages among real interest rates in international capital markets

Short-run and long-run dynamic linkages among weekly real interest rates for G-10 countries are examined using a variety of time-series tests. These tests give special attention to the time-series properties of nominal interest rates, ex-ante expected rates of inflation and real interest rates. Term structure information is used to recover a theoretically consistent measure of ex-ante expected inflation. In-sample and out-of-sample Granger causality tests are also examined to evaluate lead/lag relationships among real interest rates. The results provide strong support for well-integrated markets, particularly in the long run. The results imply leadership roles for the US in international asset markets.     

美国信用衍生品交易监管立法的评述及对我国的启示与借鉴

本文对信用衍生品交易监管现状作概述后,介评了美国7月通过的包含信用衍生品在内的金融衍生品交易监管立法,我国也于2010年11月开始信用衍生品交易试点.本文提出了制定统一的金融衍生品交易监管法、完善金融监管协调机制、对交易者分层审慎监管、逐步引进集中清算方式、改进信用衍生品监管信息披露要求、适时修改相关监管规则以鼓励银行...     

Endogenous liquidity in credit derivatives

We study the determination of liquidity provision in the single-name credit default swap (CDS) market as measured by the number of distinct dealers providing quotes. We find that liquidity is concentrated among large obligors and those near the investment-grade/speculative-grade cutoff. Consistent with endogenous liquidity provision by informed financial institutions, more liquidity is associated with obligors for which there is a greater information flow from the CDS market to the stock market ahead of major credit events. Furthermore, the level of information heterogeneity plays an important role in how liquidity provision responds to transaction demand and how liquidity is priced into the CDS premium.     

全球金融危机后的场外金融衍生品市场变革

后金融危机时代的全球场外衍生品市场正处于深刻变革之中,各国政府、监管部门和金融行业改革场外衍生品市场的一系列举措对我国也有着重要的借鉴意义。文章对金融危机以来全球场外衍生品市场发展改革的情况进行了整理研究,并结合我国实际提出相关建议。     

Credit Derivatives in an Affine Framework

An efficient method for valuing credit derivatives based on three entities is developed in an affine framework. This includes interdependence of market and credit risk, joint credit migration and counterparty default risk of three firms. As an application we provide closed form expressions for the joint distribution of default times, default correlations, and default swap spreads in the presence of counterparty default risk. Vienna Institute of Finance is funded by WWTF (Vienna Science and Technology Fund).